HAPALIDE 709 
of the Oriental region ; but, as already mentioned, outlying species 
extend into various parts of the Palearctic region. Macacus has 
indeed a very wide distribution, extending from Gibraltar and 
North Africa to Japan. The allied Cynopithecus, represented only 
by C. niger of Celebes, approximates to the Baboons ; while the one 
species of Nasalis is peculiar to Borneo. Remains of Semnopithecus 
and Macacus occur in the Tertiaries of India and Europe, which also 
yield allied extinct types noticed in the sequel. 
In America, north of Panama, the genera known to be repre- 
sented are Chrysothria, Nyctipithecus, Cebus, Ateles, Mycetes and 
Hapale in Veragua; Nyctipithecus, Cebus, Ateles, and Mycetes in 
Costa Rica and Nicaragua; Ateles and Mycetes in Guatemala ; and 
Ateles in Southern Mexico. Brazil is the headquarters of the 
American Apes; but different portions of that vast region have a 
somewhat distinct Ape fauna. Thus the genus Eriodes appears in 
South-Eastern Brazil to represent the species of Ateles inhabiting the 
more northern and western parts of the empire. Southwards, the 
genera Cebus, Mycetes, Chrysothriz, and Callithria extend farthest; 
but they do not probably all extend to the farthest limit yet known, 
namely 30° 8. The species found farthest south are Mycetes caraya, 
Cebus fatuellus, and Callithrix personatus. 
Family HAPALIDA. 
2 
Dentition: i 2, c 4, p 3, m2; total 32. No bony external 
auditory meatus, a broad internarial septum, and no cheek-pouches. 
Tail non-prehensile ; no ischiatic callosities. Pollex not opposable ; 
a long, curved, and pointed claw to all the digits except the hallux. 
This family, which includes the smallest representatives of the 
suborder, commonly known as Marmosets, is confined to the New 
World. In addition to the diagnostic characters given above, it may 
be mentioned that the pollex is elongated and the hallux very 
small, while the pectoral limbs are not longer than the pelvic pair ; 
and the tail is long and more or less thickly covered with elongated 
hairs. 
The dentition of the Marmosets sufficiently distinguishes them 
from all other members of the suborder, although they are evidently 
nearly allied to the Cebide. The small size of the hallux, and the 
total incapacity of the pollex to oppose itself in the least degree to 
the other digits, as well as the presence of claws on all the digits of 
the manus, are, however, equally characteristic features. These 
animals (Fig. 337) are not larger than Squirrels, and are of active 
arboreal habits, living in small companies, and adding insects to the 
ordinary fruit diet. Frequently, as in the figured species, the head 
is furnished on either side with a long tuft of hair projecting out- 
wards and backwards. They give birth to as many as three young 
