CERCOPITHECID.E 723 
being found in Japan. All these Monkeys are of stout build, and 
it is chiefly by the greater production of the muzzle, the larger 
ischiatic callosities, and the frequent shortness of the tail that they 
are distinguished from the under-mentioned African genera. The 
transition from the longer-tailed to the short-tailed forms is so 
complete that the proposed generic separation of the latter as Inuus 
is impracticable. In AM. inwus the tail is wanting ; in JL tibetanus 
(Fig. 346) and MW. nemestrinus of Tenasserim it is short; in the 
common Bengal Monkey (J. rhesus) it is about one-half the length 
of the head and body, while in MZ. cynomolgus and its allies it is 
still longer. In the Indian Lion-tailed Monkey (Jf. silenus) it is 
tufted at the end. 
The following summary of the habits of the Macaques is taken 
from Mr. W. T. Blanford’s Mammals of British India: “The species 
of the present genus resemble each other in their habits; they are 
found in flocks, often of considerable size, and generally composed 
of individuals of both sexes and of all ages. They are active 
animals, though less rapid in their movements, whether on trees 
or on the ground, than the Semnopithect. Their food is varied, 
most of the species, if not all, eating insects as well as seeds, fruits, 
etc., and one kind feeding partly on crustacea. They have occa- 
sionally been known to devour lizards, and, it is. said, frogs also. 
All have the habit of cramming food into their cheek-pouches for 
mastication at leisure—a practice that must be familiar to any one 
who has fed monkeys in confinement. The voice and gestures of 
all the species are similar, and differ entirely from those of both 
the Gibbons and Semnopitheci. . . . The majority of the species are 
very docile when young. They thrive well, and several of them 
have bred in confinement. The period of gestation is about seven 
months, only a single young one, as a rule, being produced at a 
birth. They become adult at the age of four or five years, but 
breed earlier.” 
The Common Indian Jf. rhesus is found in the Himalaya at an 
elevation of over 8000 feet. 
Fossil remains of AMacacus are found in India in the Pleistocene 
of Madras and the Pliocene of the Punjab ; and they also occur in 
the Pliocene of France and Italy, those from the latter deposits 
having been incorrectly separated as Aulaxinwus. Part of the jaw 
of a Monkey from the Pleistocene of Essex has been described as 
Macacus pliocenus, and is very interesting as showing the presence 
of Apes in Europe at that late period. 
Cercocebus.\—An African genus agreeing with J/ucacus in the 
presence of a hind talon to the third lower molar, but with the 
other characters of Cercopithecus. The species of this genus are 
known as Mangabeys, or White-eyelid Monkeys, and include 
1 Geoffroy, dann. du Muséwin, vol. xix. p. 97 (1812), 
