728 PRIMATES 
hind talon to the last lower molar; it has been described under 
the name of Dolichopithecus. 
The genus Oreopithecus* was founded upon the remains of an 
Ape from the Middle Miocene of Monte Bamboli, in Tuscany, of 
somewhat larger size than a Gibbon, and apparently presenting 
characters connecting the Cercopithecide and Simiide. According 
to Dr. Ristori,’ it resembles the former, especially Cynocephalus and 
Semnopithecus, in the long dental series and the elongation of the 
last molars ; but in the shortness of the face, rounding of the chin, 
and the diagonal arrangement of the molar tubercles, it approximates 
to the Similw, of which it may have been an ancestral type. 
Fonily SIMuUDz. 
* Crowns of molars relatively wide, with the angles more or 
less rounded off, the tubercles not forming tranverse ridges, and 
the last lower molar without a hind talon. No tail. No cheek- 
pouches. Ischiatic callosities, if present, small. Pectoral limbs 
much longer than pelvic. Sternum broad. Ccum with vermiform 
appendage. Centrale of carpus sometimes absent. Other characters 
as in Cercopithecida, 
This family contains the true Anthropoid Old World Apes, 
namely the Gibbons, Orangs, Chimpanzees, and Gorillas, which 
are the most highly organised of all the Apes, and thus make the 
nearest approach to Man. 
ITylobates.A—Skull not produced at the vertex ; body and limbs 
slender, the pectoral limbs being so elongated that the hands reach 
the ground when walking upright ; hallux well developed ; a centrale 
in the carpus; and small ischiatic callosities. Size smaller than in 
the following genera, the height of the largest species (JZ. syndactylus) 
not much exceeding 3 feet. Now confined to Asia. 
The Gibbons, or Long-armed Apes (Figs. 350, 351), are readily 
distinguished from the remaining members of the family by the 
characters given above, as well as by the circumstance that they 
are the only Apes which habitually walk in an upright position. 
It is in these animals that we meet with the last traces of the 
ischial callosities so largely developed in the Cercopithccide. The 
species are now restricted to South-Eastern Asia, being especially 
abundant in the Malay Archipelago and adjacent regions. 
The largest species is the Sumatran Niamang (11. syiductylus), 
which attains a height of 3 feet, and has been generically 
separated by some writers as Sivmenga. It is remarkable as 
1 Depéret, Comptes Rendus, vol. cix, p. 982 (1889); see also Afén. Soc. Géol. 
France, ‘ Paleontologie,” vol. i. (1890). * Gervais, Comptes Rendus, vol. 
Ixxiv. p. 1217 (1872). * Scimmie Fossili Italiane, Bol’. Conum. Geol. 1890. 
4 Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Maman. ct Avium, p. 67 (1811), 
