732 PRIMATES 
inhabit the swampy forests near the coasts; and the males attain a 
height of about 4 feet 4 inches. The body is very bulky and the 
legs exceedingly short, but the arms are very long, reaching in the 
erect posture down to the 
ankles. The Orang walks 
resting on the knuckles of 
the hands and the outer 
sides of the feet, with the 
soles of the latter turned 
mainly inwards, as in Fig. 
354. Its movements 
appear to be slow and 
deliberate, and in those 
specimens which have been 
kept in captivity in this 
country the demeanour is 
languid and melancholy, 
although this is far from 
being the case with those 
shown in the more congenial 
climate of the Zoological 
Fig. 353.—Side view of the skull of adult Orang (Simia Gard srs at Calcutta. The 
satyrus). From Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. pl. 53. habits of these animals are 
arboreal, and they build a 
kind of shelter or nest of boughs and leaves; their food appears 
to consist mainly of fruits, and is exclusively of a vegetable nature. 
The whole of the body is clothed with long hair of a reddish-brown 
colour, and full-grown males have a well-developed beard; the 
males not unfrequently also develop a large warty protuberance, 
formed of fibro-cellular tissue, on either side of the face. The 
hands are long, and are characterised by the small size of the 
pollex, which does not reach to the end of the metacarpal of 
the index finger. The feet have a similar structure, the hallux 
only reaching to the middle of the proximal phalange of the 
adjacent toe, and being often destitute not only of a nail, but 
likewise of the terminal phalange. The presence of a centrale in 
the carpus is a feature in which Simia agrees with Hylobates and 
the lower Apes, and differs from the two following genera and Man. 
With very rare exceptions the number of dorso-lumbar vertebra is 
sixteen, of which twelve carry ribs, and therefore belong to the 
dorsal series, while the remaining four are lumbar. The distinction 
between the last lumbar and the first sacral vertebrae is clearly 
marked in young skeletons by the additional pleurapophysial 
ossifications (sacral ribs) in the transverse processes of the latter. 
Thus though Simia presents a closer resemblance to Man than does 
Anthropopithecus in the number of ribs, it differs in the more 
