734 PRIMATES 
and the molars are characterised by the complex structure of théir 
cusps and the numerous rugosities on the crown surface. The 
outer border of the upper premolars is placed in the same line as 
that of the molars. 
The broken canine tooth of a large Anthropoid Ape from the 
= Lower Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills 
probably indicates the existence at 
that period of a species of Simia in 
Northern India. 
Gorilla..—Skull not produced at the 
vertex ; body and limbs massive, the 
pectoral limb not reaching below the 
middle of the lower leg (Fig. 355) ; 
no centrale in the carpus; hallux well 
developed ; seventeen dorso-lumbar 
vertebrae, of which thirteen carry ribs ; 
‘jf no ischiatic callosities. Male much 
| larger than female, and with very 
strongly marked cranial ridges, which 
| are wanting in the latter. Mandibular 
symphysis long. Ethiopian. 
The well-known Gorilla (Fig. 356), 
of which there seems to be only one 
species (G. savagei), is found in Western 
Equatorial Africa, chiefly or entirely 
in the district enclosed by the 
Cameroon and Congo rivers. It is 
the largest of all the Apes, its bulk 
considerably exceeding that of man, 
although from the shortness of the 
legs it appears never to attain a greater 
; height than 51 feet. The first intro- 
Fie. 355.—Skeleton of the Gorilla. duction of this animal to the notice 
iii Di cuiieaec: of zoologists was made in 1847 by 
Dr. Thomas Savage, but it was not fully known till many years later. 
The skin of the Gorilla is entirely black, the hair being blackish, 
but turning more or less gray in old individuals. The arms reach 
down as far as the middle of the lower leg; while the pollex 
extends only a short distance beyond the base of the first phalange 
of the index finger, and the hallux reaches nearly as far as the 
distal extremity of the corresponding digit of the foot. The digits 
of both the hand and foot are united together by integument as 
far as the distal extremities of the first phalanges. The larynx 
has very capacious air-sacs, which meet in front of the trachea and 
communicate with the ventricles; and in advanced age these sacs 
' I. Geoffroy, Comptes Rendus, vol. xxiv. p. 84 (1852), 
