HOMINIDE . 739 
approximates to that of Man, in which the symphysis is still further 
shortened and widened, and the anterior convergence of the cheek- 
teeth so much increased as to produce a horse-shoe-like form in the 
whole dental series. 
Family HoMInip&. 
In the Systema Nature of Linneus Man was separated only 
generically from the Apes, but in the next great work which exer- 
cised a wide-spread influence over the progress of zoological science, 
the Regne Animal of Cuvier, he forms a distinct order under the 
name of Bimana, the Monkeys and Lemurs being associated together 
as Quadrumana. This has been the prevailing arrangement in the 
zoological systems of the present century, though in the classifica- 
tion of Owen lis position is still farther removed from that of the 
Monkeys, as in it the genus Homo forms one of the four primary 
divisions or subclasses of the Mammalia, called Archencephala, the 
Quadrumana being united with the Carnivora, Ungulata, and others 
in another division called Gyrencephala. On the other hand, the 
tendency of most modern systematists, for reasons which have been 
fully stated by Professor Huxley,! is to revert towards the Linnzan 
position. 
Considering solely the facts of Man’s bodily structure, it can be 
clearly demonstrated that the points in which he differs from the 
Ape most nearly resembling him are not of greater importance than 
_ those by which that Ape differs from other universally acknowledged 
members of the group; and therefore, in any natural system, if 
Man is to be made a subject of zoological classification upon the 
same principles as those applied elsewhere, he must be included in 
the order which comprises the Monkeys. We say upon the same 
principles as are applied elsewhere, since zoological classification has 
never taken into consideration the psychological characteristics 
which distinguish the subjects of its investigations, but only their 
tangible and physical structure, otherwise endless confusion would 
result, at all events with our very imperfect knowledge of animal 
psychology. The essential attributes which distinguish Man, and 
give him a perfectly isolated position among living creatures, are 
not to be found in his bodily structure, and should therefore either 
be left entirely out of consideration, or have such weight given to 
them as would remove him completely out of the region of zoological 
classification. To profess to classify Man as if he were one of the 
animals (as in all points of the structure and functions of his organs 
he undoubtedly is), to place him in the class Mammalia, and then 
1 Man's Place in Nature, 1863, and Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals, 1871. 
See also the more recent investigations of Broca into the comparative structure 
of Man and the higher Apes, published mostly in the Revue @ Anthropologie. 
