740 PRIMATES 
to allow other considerations to influence the judgment as to the 
particular position he should occupy in the class, is most illogical. 
Man, therefore, considered from a zoological point of view, must 
be included in the order Primates, even if the Lemurs be removed 
from it, since his structural affinities with the Monkeys are far 
closer than are those of the so-called “‘Half-Apes.” We may, without 
treading upon debatable ground, go farther, and say that the 
differences between Man and the Anthropoid Apes are really not 
so marked as those which separate the latter from the American 
Monkeys. This being admitted, perhaps the best exposition relating 
to the present condition of the order will be to regard Man as 
representing a fifth family of the Anthropoidea, which should be 
known as the Hominide. In thus ranking Man as one of the five 
principal families or sections of the suborder it should, however, be 
observed that this course does not in the least degree imply that 
such families are precisely equivalent to one another, or that the 
intervals by which they are separated are of equal importance ; all 
that we commit ourselves to being that they are five perfectly 
distinct groups, all branches from a common stem, and in the 
present state of nature not united by any intermediate types. 
The distinctions between the Hominide and Simiide are chiefly 
relative, being greater size of brain and of brain-case as compared 
with the facial portion of the skull, smaller development of the 
canine teeth of the males, complete adaptation of the structure of the 
vertebral column to the vertical position, greater length of the lower 
as compared with the upper extremities, and greater length of the 
hallux or great toe, with almost complete absence of the power of 
bringing it in opposition to the other four toes. The last feature 
together with the small size of the canine teeth are perhaps the 
most marked and easily defined distinctions that can be drawn 
between the two groups. 
Man is universally admitted to form a single genus, Homo of 
Linnzus, but a question of considerable importance in treating of 
him from a zoological point of view, and one which has been a sub- 
ject of much controversy, is whether all men should be considered 
as belonging to a single or to several species. This question is 
perhaps of less importance now than formerly, when those who 
maintained a plurality of species associated with the hypothesis 
plurality of origin. One of the strongest arguments against the 
view that the various races of Man represent more than one species 
is that none of those who have maintained it have been able to 
agree as to how many distinct specific modifications can be defined, 
almost every number from three to twenty or more having been 
advocated by different authors. If the distinguishing characters of 
the so-called species had been so marked, there could not be such a 
remarkable diversity of opinion upon them. Again, the two facts 
