746 PRIMATES 
cranium variable, mostly mesocephalic ; jugal bones retreating ; face 
narrow and projecting in the middle line (pro-opic); orbits moderate ; 
nose narrow and prominent (leptorhine); jaws orthognathous ; teeth 
small (microdont) ; pelvis broad (pelvic index of male 80); forearm 
short, relatively to humerus (humero-radial index 74). 
In endeavouring to subdivide into minor groups the numerous 
and variously-modified individuals which cluster around one or 
other of these great types—a process quite necessary for many 
practical or descriptive purposes—the distinctions afforded by the 
study of physical characters are often so slight that it becomes 
necessary to take other considerations into account, among which 
geographical distribution and language hold an important place. 
I. The Ethiopian or Negroid races may be primarily arranged as 
follows :— 
A. African or Typical Negroes.—Inhabitants of all the central 
portion of the African continent, from the Atlantic on the west to 
the Indian Ocean on the east, greatly mixed all along their 
northern frontier with Hamitic and Semitic Melanochroi, a mixture 
which, taking place in various proportions and under varied con- 
ditions, has given rise to many of the numerous races and tribes 
inhabiting the Sudan. 
A branch of the African Negroes are the Bantu—distinguished 
chiefly, if not entirely, by the structure of their language. Physic- 
ally indistinguishable from the other negroes with whom they come in 
contact in the Equatorial regions of Africa, the Southern Bantu, or 
Kaffirs, as they are generally called, show a marked modification of 
type, being lighter in colour, having a larger cranial capacity, less 
marked prognathism, and smaller teeth. Some of these changes 
are probably due to crossing with other races. 
B. The Negrillos—diminutive sub-brachycephalic tribes, inhabit- 
ing the dense forests of Central and Western Equatorial Africa— 
represent a distinct section of the Negro race. They form the 
only exceptions to the general dolichocephaly of the African branch 
of the Negroid division, and when found in a pure state are the 
smallest of all known human races, averaging scarcely more than 
4 feet in height. The colour of their skin is yellowish rather than 
black. 
C. The Bushmen (Bosjesmen, men of the woods, of the Dutch 
colonists of South Africa) constitute a very distinct modification of 
the Negro type. The hair shows the extreme of the frizzly 
character ; being shorter and less abundant than that of the 
ordinary Negro, it has the appearance of growing in separate tufts, 
which coil up together into rounded balls compared to “ pepper- 
corns.” In their yellow complexion, wide cheek-bones, and 
peculiar form of the eyes they so much resemble some of the 
