HOMINIDE 747 
Mongolian races that anthropologists have been inclined to trace 
affinities to or admixture with them, although the character of the 
hair makes such a supposition almost inadmissible. The width of 
the cheek-bones and the narrowness of the forehead and chin give 
a lozenge shape to the front view of the face. The forehead is 
prominent and straight; the nose extremely flat and broad, more 
so than in any other race; the lips prominent and thick, although 
the jaws are less prognathous than in the true Negro races. The 
cranium has many special characters by which it can be easily 
distinguished from that of any other race. The average height of 
the males is about 4 feet 8 inches. There is every reason to 
believe that the Bushmen represent the earliest race of which we 
have any knowledge inhabiting the southern part of the African 
continent, but that long before the advent of Europeans upon the 
scene they had been invaded from the north by Negro tribes, who, 
being superior in size, strength, and civilisation, had taken posses- 
sion of the greater part of their territories, and, mingling freely 
with the aborigines, had produced the mixed race called Hottentots, 
who retained the culture and settled pastoral habits of the Negroes, 
with many of the physical features of the Bushmen. These in 
their turn, encroached upon by the Kaffirs from the north and by 
Europeans from the south, are now greatly diminished, and 
threatened with the same fate which will surely soon befall the 
scanty remnant of the early inhabitants who still retain their 
primitive type. 
D. Oceanic Negroes or Melanesians.—These include the Papuans 
of New Guinea and the majority of the inhabitants of the islands of 
the Western Pacific, and form also a substratum of the population, 
greatly mixed with other races, of regions extending far beyond 
the present centre of their area of distribution. 
They are represented, in what may be called a hypertypical 
form, by the extremely dolichocephalic Kai Colos, or mountaineers 
of the interior of the Fiji Islands, although the coast population of 
the same group has lost the distinctive characters by crossing. In 
many parts of New Guinea and the great chain of islands extending 
eastwards and southwards ending with New Caledonia they are 
found in a more or less pure condition, especially in the interior and 
more inaccessible portions of the islands, almost each of which 
shows special modifications of the type recognisable in details of 
structure. Taken altogether, their chief physical distinction from 
the African Negroes lies in the fact that the glabella and supra- 
orbital ridges are generally well developed in the males, whereas in 
Africans this region is usually smooth and flat. The nose also, 
especially in the northern part of their geographical range, New 
Guinea, and the neighbouring islands, is narrower (often mesorhine) 
and prominent. The cranium is generally higher and narrower. 
