not to study, as a preliminary step, the rearing of copses with all the 

 developments it is capable of, but to lay down its main points in so 

 far as they are connected in an indissoluble manner with the orga- 

 nisation of such forests. 



As regards simple copses, we have sought to demonstrate the 

 advantages, hitherto too much misunderstood, of adopting a long 

 rotation. The desirable harmony between a good division of a forest 

 into coupes and the natural configuration of the ground, the esta- 

 blishment of surrounding belts of denser forest which protect at the 

 same time that they adorn, the necessity of an effective fence, all 

 these are so many facts often lost sight of nowadays. It was ex- 

 pedient to recEill attention to them. 



With respect to Coppice with Standards we have, by means of 

 the definition itself, clearly indicated the object to be sought in this 

 method of treatment. We have then described the means of attain- 

 ing this end, Istly with the aid of a good selection of Standards, and, 

 2ndly,by the organisation itself of the forest. Thenumber of Standards, 

 more precious than the underwood and valuable in direct proportion 

 to their size, ought only to be limited by their own requirements as they 

 spread themselves out and not by any theory or fixed idea as to 

 allotting a certain amount of space to the underwood. The price of 

 large timber brings into clear prominence the truth of this doctrine, 

 which is the true basis on which the treatment of copses with stan- 

 dards rests, and is besides in perfect conformity with the prescriptions 

 of the Royal Edict of 1827, as it was with those of the Edict of 1669. 



We have given a specimen Working Plan of a Working Circle 

 of copse and an example of a really practical Selection Plan for 

 Standards, which explain how the general theory of the organisation 

 of copses, both simple and compound, is applied in practice. With 

 respect to the control of the exploitations, a specimen form, iu which 

 a record of the exploitations ought to be kept, will be found in its 

 proper place. It may be used for coppice as well as high forest 

 exploitations. 



With regard to the auxiliary operations to be carried out in copses, 

 Buch as thinnings and the pruning off of epicormic branches, we have, 

 entered into some details, which cannot well be omitted from our 

 Course, for the organisation of copses with standards, so simple as 

 it appears at the first glance, is of itself necessarily incomplete, at 



