CHAPTER III. 



THE UPRIGHT SYSTEMS. 



The upright systems are the oldest and best 

 known of the styles of American grape training. 

 They consist, essentially, in carrying out two 

 horizontal canes, or sometimes arms, upon a low 

 wire and training the shoots from them vertically 

 upwards. These shoots are tied to the upper 

 wires as they grow. This type was first clearly 

 and forcibly described in detail by A. S. Fuller, in 

 his "Grape Culturist, " in 1864,. and it became 

 known as the Fuller system, although it was prac- 

 ticed many years previous to this time. 



Horizontal Arm Spur System. — There are two types 

 or styles of this upright system. The older type and 

 the one described in the books, is known as the 

 Horizontal Arm Spur training. In this method, 

 the two horizontal branches are permanent, or, in 

 other words, they are true arms. The canes are 

 cut back each fall to upright spurs upon these arms, 

 as explained on page 15 (fig. 4.) Two shoots are 

 often allowed to grow from each of these spurs, as 

 shown in fig. 7. These spurs become overgrown 

 and weak after a few years, and they are renewed 

 from ne\y shootswhich spring from near their base 



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