CONDITIONS IN COUNTIES. 57 



on a gravelly gray loam; and the central and western part, a broad 

 belt extending from T. 50, K. W. southwest into Douglas county, 

 is a sandy jack pine and Norway pinery, with considerable white 

 pine in places. The timber along the lake, except that of -the Red 

 ClifE reservation, is generally cut; it is also heavily cut into on White 

 and Nemakagon rivers and along the Northern Pacific Eailway. The 

 present stand of pine is about 3,000 million feet, of which a large part 

 falls to the regular pinery lands. In addition, there are about 400 

 million feet of hemlock and an equal amount of hardwoods, most of 

 which is birch, basswood, and maple; the oak, though abundant as 

 scrub wood, being scarcely represented as a real timber tree. 



On some of the "barrens" or jack pine and bare sandy lands, no 

 timber existed when logging began, but there is evidence that in for- 

 mer times they, too, were covered by a forest of larger timber. 



The numerous swamps of the southeastern part of this county are 

 fairly well stocked with both cedar and tamarack and also some 

 spruce. The swamps of the estuaries along the lake are generally cov- 

 «red by heavy growth of cedar. Bare wastes of great extent occur in 

 all localities where pine logging has been going on. 



Burnett. — Nearly the entire county is a sandy jack pine and Norway 

 pinery, dotted with regular "barrens" and island patches of better 

 loam lands. In the northwest corner, north of the St. Croix river, 

 is a tract of gray loam lands stocked originally with pine, lightly 

 mixed with hardwoods. Along the south line of the county extends 

 a body of loam lands covered in part by heavy and almost pure 

 stands of hardwoods, only the sandy depressions bearing pine. The 

 pine in this county is largely cut, the little hardwood damaged by 

 fire and only jack pine occurs in extensive woods. The scattering 

 pine is estimated at about 200 million feet and about 200 million feet 

 of hardwoods are believed to occur in this county, besides some 300 

 million feet of jack pine, which sooner or later must become of value. 

 The swamps are largely bare or else covered by a light growth of 

 tamarack. A large part of this county is positively bare land, being 

 devoid of any forest cover. 



OMppeioa. — The southwestern and south central one-fifth of the 

 county is oak openings and prairie (extensively settled) in its west- 

 ern, and jack pine woods in its eastern part; the remaining four-fifths 

 of the county are forest. Of this, the part east of the Chippewa 

 river and small tracts along the river on the west side, are covered 

 by a mixed forest in which hemlock and birch are abundant, except 

 on the southeastern part of the county, where the birch and hem- 

 lock forest merges into an oak forest. In the timbered part of the 

 county west of the river the hemlock is missing and birch much less 



