€0 FORESTS OF WISCONSIN. 



swampy pinery, the rest is a forest of mixed hardwood, pine, and hem- 

 lock, generally on gravelly gray loam. This mixed forest is inter- 

 rupted and dotted with numerous bodies of pine lands, where the 

 hemlock and hardwood almost disappear. The pine is mostly cut. It 

 is claimed that about 500 million feet are still standing. The hardwoods 

 and hemlock are uncuUed and but little hurt by fires except about the 

 pine slashings. With 4 M. feet per acre of well stocked woods there 

 are about 500 million feet of hemlock and 1,000 million feet of 

 hardwoods, of which birch and basswood form about 60 per cent. As 

 in the neighboring counties, a little red oak occurs in Forest, but is 

 thinly scattered over the entire county and would hardly form more 

 than 2 per cent, of the cut. Many of the swamps are open bogs, the 

 rest are generally stocked and the swamp timber, cedar, tamarack, 

 and spruce, amount to fully 300 million feet. Nearly all pine slash- 

 ings are burned bare, so that a considerable amount of waste land 

 occurs. 



Iro7i. — The southern one-fourth is a flat, loamy sand pinery of the 

 same nature and continuous with that of Vilas and the northeast cor- 

 ner of Price counties. The rest is a loam and clay area with a mixed 

 forest of hardwoods, pine, and hemlock. On the range the hardwoods 

 and hemlock predominate and pine is scattering, otherwise the pine 

 forms a heavy mixture everywhere. The numerous swamps, espe- 

 cially abundant in the southern half of the county, are generally 

 stocked with cedar, tanaarack, and some spruce, and these woods also 

 invade more or less the low, flat portions of the ordinary woods, 

 which are not really swamp. At present the pine is cut from parts 

 of all townships, some of them being pretty well cleaned out, and the 

 standing pine timber is estimated at only about 400 million feet. 

 The hardwoods and hemlock have been cut clean on a small area about 

 the mines, but otherwise remain unculled and not badly hurt by fire. 

 The standing hemlock is estimated at about 350 million feet, and the 

 hardwoods at about the same. Of these birch, basswood, and maple 

 predominate. 



Jackson. — The western half is a sandy loam district almost entirely 

 occupied by oak openings, mixed with some tracts of better soil with 

 bodies of better hardwood timber. The eastern half is a level, sandy 

 pinery with many swamps and no hardwood timber. This area fur- 

 nished considerable pine, but is now largely cut and burned over, and 

 only about 100 million feet of pine is claimed to be standing. Nu- 

 merous small and large bodies of young sapling pine and also of jack 

 pine interrupt the extensive bare wastes. The swamps which are 

 generally bare of merchantable material, were formerly stocked 

 ■chiefly with tamarack, but have been cleaned out by repeated fires. 



