62 FORESTS OF WISCONSIN. 



•over and since so much good land exists all about, they are generally 

 wastes. Many groves of young white and Norway pine may be seen 

 along the Wisconsin river. Though well settled and stocked vyith 

 hardwoods which do not encourage fires, even this county in the dry 

 season of 1894 suffered considerably from fires, a fact which empha- 

 sizes the need of organization for their prevention. 



^farinette. — The greater part of this county is a pinery. Its terri- 

 tory is slightly invaded by the mixed forest of Florence and Forest 

 counties along the county line. Isolated bodies of pine slightly mixed 

 with hardwood and hemlock are scattered in parts of the pinery, par- 

 ticularly in the towns along the Menominee river. Formerly, a 

 heavy stand of pine mixed with hardwoods occupied the part next to 

 Green Bay. This latter area was burnt over during the Peshtigo fire 

 of 1S71 and is now bare or brush land vrith some settlement. Pine 

 has been cut in every town in the county; the present stand is esti- 

 mated at about 1,500 million feet. The light mixture of hardwood 

 and hemlock is largely fire-killed wherever the pine has been cut; 

 the green timber remaining is estimated at nearly 500 million feet, 

 half of which is hemlock. Of the hardwoods, maple, birch, and bass- 

 wood predominate, oak as timber being very scarce. In the brushland 

 along the Bay, the white cedar is disputing the ground with poplar 

 and white birch. Extensive tracts of jack pine occur in the central 

 and southwestern part. Large burned-over wastes exist in all parts 

 of the county. 



Oconto. — Over nearly half of this county next to Green Bay, the 

 variable sandy loam land was covered by a heavy forest of pine, mixed 

 with hemlock and hardwoods. The central part of the county is a 

 .sandy belt of pinery land, continuous with the sandy pinery of Mari- 

 nette and Shawano counties. The loam and clay lands of the north- 

 ern one-fourth was stocked with a heavy mixed forest of hardwoods 

 and hemlock, with pine either scattering or in small bodies. At pres- 

 ent the lower part of the county is cut over, much of it bare and a 

 large part settled. The pine is cut in nearly all parts, and only 65 to 

 75 million feet are claimed to be standing. The hardwood forest, in 

 which the beech is conspicuous only on the lower sandy loam lands, 

 still covers a, quarter of the county and is estimated to cut about 500 

 million feet of hemlock and 400 million of hardwoods, principally 

 birch, basswood, elm, and maple, considerable ash and little oak. The 

 swamps of the lower part are burned over and extensively drained 

 and utilized. Those of the north half are generally stocked, the cedai 

 prevailing. Fine groves of young white pine are abundant in the 

 -southern towns. 



Oneida. — Almost the entire county is a loamy sand pinery, in which 



