70 FOSUSTS OF WISCONSIN. 



tree or shrub. The "scrub oak" of the openings, along the southern 

 and western edge of the region is formed of a variable mixture of all 

 species of oak of the territory. 



a. Black ash (Fraxinus nigra) and 



b. White ash (Fraxinus amerioana) , the former by far the more 

 common, are found in every county, are generally restricted to the 

 Bvs'amps and on the vrhole form a very small portion of these woods 

 either in number of specimens or as saw timber. 



a. Aspen (Popvlus tremuloides), very commonly called poplar. 



b. Large-toothed aspen (Populus grandidentata) is very common in 

 all parts of north Wisconsin; it is much more conspicuous on the 

 cut-over lands as brushy cover, in the sandy pineries as scattered mix- 

 ture, and also in the mixed forests of the Lake Superior region than 

 in the better hardwood forest, where it forms but an insignificant 

 proportion of the merchantable material. 



Of the less conspicuous or less important forest trees must be men- 

 tioned: 



Butternut (Juglons cinerea) scattered throughout the better hard- 

 wood forest. 



Blue beech (Carpinus caroUniana) and hop hornbeam (Ostrya vir- 

 giniana), both of which occur quite abundantly in all hardwood for- 

 ests without ever forming merchantable timber. 



Hickory, chiefly pignut, bitternut and mockernut (Hicoria minima, 

 glabra and alba) occur in the southern districts and occasionally reach 

 timber size. 



Black cherry (Prunus serotina) rarely occurs on the better lands and 

 cannot be considered as an important tree. 



