EVOLUTION OF THE BEEF CATTLE INDUSTRY 247 



three distinct colors, red, white, and roan. Specimens of the 

 breed may be soUd red, soHd white, or a combination of 

 the two, forming large red-and-white body colors, the former 

 predominating, or an intermingling of these two colors, thus 

 giving the characteristic roan. The shades of roan vary 

 from light to dark. The weight of mature males ranges 

 from 1800 to 2200 pounds on the average, although these 

 weights are often exceeded. The horns are comparatively 

 short, usually curving forward and slightly downward. The 

 conformation of the animal adheres closely to the beef type. 



Fig. 103.— Shorthorn bull. 



although there are two rather sharply defined types. The 

 Scotch type of Shorthorn conforms closest to the beef type, 

 the Bates type representing an animal of both beef and milk- 

 producing qualities. The Shorthorn ranks high in quality, 

 and docility, and " nicks" well with common cattle. The 

 breed is adapted especially to rich pasture lands, although it 

 has a wide adaptation. The breed shows unusual refinement 

 and breed character. 



Polled Durham. — The Polled Durham breed of cattle 

 is designated as single or double standard, according to 

 origin. The aim is to breed in them all of the characteris- 

 tics of Shorthorns excepting the horns. The head is the 



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