EVOLUTION OF THE BEEF CATTLE INDUSTRY 251 



Cow. 



Points. 



Color. — Black. White is objectionable, except on the underline 



■ behind the navel, and there only to a moderate extent . 2 



Head. — Forehead moderately broad,' and slightly indented; 

 tapering toward the nose; muzzle fine; nostrils wide and open; 

 distance from eyes to nostrils of moderate length; eyes full, 

 bright and expressive, indicative of good disposition; ears 

 large, slightly rising upward, and well furnished with hair; 

 poll well defined, and without any appearance of horns or sours; 

 jaw clean . ... ...... . . 10 



Throat. — Clean, without any development of loose flesh under- 

 neath ... . . . . ... 3 



Neck. — Of medium length, spreading out to meet the shoulders, 

 with full neck vein . 3 



Shoulders. — Moderately oblique, well covered on the blades 

 and top, with vertebrae or backbone shghtly above the scapula 

 or shoulder-blades, which should be moderately broad B 



Chest. — Wide and deep; also round and full just back of elbows. 10 



Brisket. — Deep and moderately projecting from between the 

 legs and proportionately covered with flesh and fat 4 



Rins. — Well sprung from the backbone, arched and deep, neatly 

 joined to the crops and loins ... . . 8 



Back. — Broad and straight from crops to hooks; loins strong; 

 hook-bones moderate in width, not prominent, and well covered; 

 rumps long, full, level, and rounded neatly into hindquarters . 10 



Hindquarters. — Deep and full; thighs thick and muscular, and 

 in proportion to hindquarters; twist filled out well in its "seam" 

 so as to form an even plane between thighs . . . .8 



Tail. — Fine, coming neatly out of the body on a line with the 

 back and hanging at right angles to it . . .3 



Udder. — Not fleshy, coming well forward in fine with the body, and 

 well up behind ; teats squarely placed, well apart and of good size 8 



Underline. — Straight as nearly as possible; flank deep and full 4 



Legs. — Short, straight, and squarely placed; hindlegs slightly 

 inchned forward below the hocks; forearms muscular; bones 

 fine and clean ... 3 



Flesh. — Even and without patchiness 3 



Skin. — Of moderate thickness and mellow touch, abundantly 

 covered with thick, soft hair. (Much of the thriftiness, feed- 

 ing properties, and value of the animal depends upon this 

 quality, which is of great weight in the grazier's and butcher's 

 judgnient. A good "touch" will compensate for some defi- 

 ciencies of form. Nothing can compensate for a skin hard and 

 stiff'. In raising the skin from the body it should have a sub- 

 stantial, soft, flexible feeling, and when beneath the outspread 

 hand it should move easily as though resting on a soft, cellular 

 substance which, however, becomes firmer as the animal ripens. 

 A thin, papery skin is objectionable, especially in a cold climate) 10 



General Appearance. — Elegant, well bred, and feminine. The 

 walk square, the step quick, and the head up . . 6 



Perfection ... .100 



In judging heifers, omit No. 12 and add 3 counts to No. 15 and 5 

 counts to No. 17. 



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