EVOLUTION OF THE BEEF CATTLE INDUSTRY 253 



and bone development. The constitution and vigor of the 

 Hereford is a significant characteristic of the breed with- 

 standing the changes of cHmate on the range to a remarkable 

 degree. 



Standard of Excellence and Scale op Points for Hereford 



Cattle. 



Poiats. 



Color. — Medium, deep, rich red, with white head, breast, belly, 

 crest, switch, and ankles . 5 



Head. — Forehead broad and prominent, face short, slightly 

 tapering toward nose; muzzle full; nostrils wide and open; 

 eyes large and expressive; ears of medium size, well set and well 

 covered with hair; horns of medium size; even color, coming 

 from head at right angles, set on level with crop, back and tail 

 head, curving forward and downward 8 



Throat. — Clean, without any excessive development of loose flesh 

 or fat underneath .... . . .2 



Neck. — Short, neat, spreading out to meet shoulders, with full 

 neck vein, free from loose skin. (Males: neck muscular, with 

 full crest, according to age) ... 2 



Shoulders. — Straight, round, full, smooth and well covered;, top 

 of shoulder-blades shghtly below vertebrae, good width on top 6 



Chest. — Wide, deep, round and full just back of shoulders . 6 



Brisket. — Deep and wide, moderately projecting, free from fln.bbi- 

 ness ... . . . . ■. . . .2 



Ribs. — Well sprung from backbone, close together, long and 

 arched, carrying the full width of shoulders and deeply and 

 smoothly covered . ..... . 8 



Back and Loin. — Broad, straight and heavily covered from 

 crops to hooks, hooks moderately wide and well covered . 10 



Rump. — Long, wide, smooth and well covered, carrying width in 

 proportion to width of back and hooks, joining smoothly into 

 quarters 5 



Quarters. — Long, straight, muscular, full, deep and thick . 4 



Thigh and Twist. — Full and thick, carried well down to hocks . 3 



Tail. — Tail head level with line of back, tail dropping at right 

 angles to back line ..... 1 



Underline. — Straight, flanks deep and full . . 3 



Legs. — Short, straight and squarely placed, perpendicular both 

 from side and end view, forearm muscular, bones strong and 

 clean ...... .6 



Flesh. — Deep, firm, smooth, uniform covering of all parts and 

 free from patchiness ... . . . 8 



Skin — Of moderate thickness, mellow, pliable and loose, abun- 

 dantly covered with long, thick, silky hair . ... 



General Appearance. — Vigorous, compact and symmetrical. 

 Bulls masculine and possesing an abundance of quaUty and 

 predominant breeding characteristics. Females matronly, 

 roomy, smooth, showing quality and feminine appearance 

 throughout 10 



Weight. — Age and condition to be considered . , 6 



Total . .... 100 



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