POLITICAL HISTORY 



their opponents the English drew up in one solid phalanx, using the famous tactics of the shield 

 wall, the men-at-arms, dismounted, standing shoulder to shoulder, shield to shield. Behind this 

 living wall were the archers and pikemen, and in the centre the standard with its bodyguard. 

 The Scottish king wisely wished to oppose like to like and to form his front lines of men-at-arms 

 and archers, but the kilted men of Galloway insisted upon having the place of honour in the van. 

 The battle, therefore, was begun by the men of Galloway, who gave three warlike howls, and 

 raising their war-cry of ' Albany,' charged fiercely upon their opponents. The outer lines of 

 skirmishers gave way, but the men-at-arms stood firm, and the Scots, with their feeble spears, 

 flung themselves uselessly against the iron wall. Then the English archers opened fire with deadly 

 effect. Unprotected by armour the men of Galloway fell in numbers, and when their two 

 leaders were slain they broke and fled. The English host now advanced to the attack. The 

 Scottish second line, composed of Norman and English men-at-arms, had been led by the gallant 

 Prince Henry against one wing of the Yorkshire force and had driven them back, so that the 

 English attack fell on the third line, composed of the men of Lothian, who gave way at once. 

 King David wished to lead his bodyguard and reserves against the enemy, but was forcibly- 

 prevented and carried off by his knights, and the whole Scottish host fled. Prince Henry, with his 

 too successful men-at-arms, making his way round to Carlisle." The savage Scots had been 

 practically annihilated, the scattered survivors of the battle being slain by the men of the north 

 country, who had not forgotten the cruelty of their raids. King David and his barons had been 

 routed, and the victorious host returned to York laden with booty and there disbanded, except for 

 a detachment which besieged Eustace Fitz John's castle of Malton and compelled the garrison to 

 surrender." As a reward for their conduct in this battle Stephen created William of Aumile Earl 

 of Yorkshire and Robert de Ferrers Earl of Derbyshire. ^° 



In 1 142 Stephen and his queen visited York after Easter and put a stop to a proposed tourna- 

 ment, which would have been practically a duel, between Earl William and Earl Alan of Richmond," 

 who a little earlier had built a castle at Hutton to overawe and plunder the district round Ripon.'' 

 Another obnoxious private fortress erected at Wheldrake to command the Ouse was destroyed by 

 the citizens of York by leave of Stephen in 1 149, when he came to the city to watch the move- 

 ments of young Henry of Anjou and his ally the King of Scotland.'^ The county must have been 

 full of these private strongholds ; many of these adulterine or unlicensed castles were destroyed by 

 Stephen in accordance with the terms of the treaty made with Henry of Anjou in 1 153, and almost 

 the last recorded act of his reign was the capture and destruction of the castle of Drax, on the Ouse, 

 which its builder, Philip de Colville, had refused to dismantle.^" Henry II on his accession 

 continued the work of disarming the barons, and early in 1 155 advanced to York with an armed 

 force sufficient to overawe the great Earl of Yorkshire, who reluctantly gave up the crown demesnes 

 in the county which he had wrested from Stephen and also his chief castle of Scarborough.^^ 

 Standing on a precipitous bluff projecting into the sea and only accessible from the land by a narrow 

 neck, across which Earl William had built a great keep, Scarborough Castle commanded the only 

 harbour of importance in that district and was too important to be left in the hands of any subject 

 of doubtful fidelity, and when it fell into decay the king expended large sums upon its repair. ^^ 



In the summer of 1 157 King Malcolm of Scotland visited the county, not this time at the 

 head of an invading army, but as the guest of the English king, to whom he did homage at Chester.^' 

 Early next year Henry went north to meet Malcolm at Carlisle and visited York and possibly 

 Doncaster ; ** five years later, in 1 163, he seems to have paid another visit to the city,^^ but the chief 

 event in the county history of this reign was the suppression of the rebellion of 1 173-4. As a 

 whole Yorkshire remained faithful to King Henry, but Roger Mowbray declared for the young king and 

 joined King William of Scotland in his attacks on the northern castles. Geoffrey, the Bishop-elect 

 of Lincoln, bastard son of King Henry, at once attacked Mowbray's castles and carried Axholme 

 and Kirkby Malzeard with little difficulty and fortified Topcliffe in the royalist interest,^^ but Thirsk " 



" For the battle of the Standard see Leadman, Batiks fought in Yorkshire, 14-25, and the authorities 

 there cited. 



" Chron. Stephen, Hen. II and Ric. I (Rolls Ser.), ii, 165. 



^ Ibid. Earl Ferrers died next year, as did also Walter of Ghent ; ibid. 178. 



" Symeon of Durham, Op. Hist. (Rolls Ser.), ii, 312. 



*» Ibid. 306. »' Raine, Tork, 58. 



^'' Chron. Stephen, ^e. (Rolls Ser.) i, 94. " Ibid. 104. 



^' Between 1 159 and 1 161 ^^330 (something like ^^10,000 of modern money) were spent on the castle 

 and keep ; Pipe R. 5-7 Hen. II. 



^ j^l23 was paid by the Sheriff of Yorkshire for the maintenance of the King of Scotland during sixteen 

 days ; Pipe R. 3 Hen. II. " Eyton, Court of Hen. II, 33. 



" Ibid. 62. ^ Roger Hoveden, Chron. (Rolls Ser.), il, 58. 



"In 1 175 several fines were levied upon Yorkshiremen 'qui abierunt ad Tresck ' ; Pipe R. 21 Hen. II. 



399 



