TOPICAL OUTLINE BY GRADES AND SEASONS 89 



off and preparing the ground for spring; observe frost 

 effects on plants in the garden and on the campus; what 

 shall be done with valuable plants which are slightly 

 frosted? what can be done to prevent the killing of plants 

 by fall frosts? observe the broom corn and winter wheat 

 growing in the garden in connection with these topics in 

 geography. 



Winter. — Biological: English sparrow; goldfish in 

 aquarium in schoolroom; consider in connection with the 

 topic "fish as food" in the geography work; observe activ- 

 ities, manner of feeding, and gross structure; Easter lily 

 bulbs planted in the greenhouse; trees, especially poplars, 

 willows, and evergreens in connection with the effects of 

 heavy snows and frost. 



In this and in all succeeding grades during the winter 

 term preliminary work in the greenhouse is done in connec- 

 tion with the plants to be studied in the spring. Cuttings 

 are made, seeds planted, and some transplanting is done, 

 A garden and greenhouse calendar is furnished to show 

 when all such work is due. 



Physical: Thermometer; burning of wood and coal 

 consuming both volatile and solid matter; construction of 

 stoves, noting especially the air currents and the use of 

 dampers; use of chimneys; the two systems of heating used 

 in the schoolroom; ventilation of the room; heating and 

 ventilating system of the main building; the evaporation of 

 water in a few very simple quantitative experiments show 1 

 ing the effects of extent of surface, temperature, and air 

 currents upon the rate; the effect of wind upon the rate of 

 drying of clothes, muddy walks, etc. ; observations of wind, 

 clouds, rain, floods, snow, hail, and frost especially in 



