PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 69 



There are woods of rather tall Pine with practically no oaks 

 of any size, but with an undergrowth of Scrub Oaks and Huckle- 

 berries. 



Then there is a more open growth in which Oaks and Pines 

 mingle in about equal proportion and in which the Oaks, mainly 

 ■ Q. marilandica, reach a fair height. 



Other sections are covered with a dense growth of Oaks, in- 

 cluding Q. prinus, alba, marilamdica, ilkifolia and velutina. 



It seems to me that the first two types are the natural or 

 primitive ones, while the solid Oak growth covers recent clear- 

 ings. The Pines spring] up again in such tracts and reassert 

 themselves unless fire or continuous clearing have exterminated 

 them. Indeed, it is remarkable to see how rapidly young Pines 

 will develop. In old abandoned open ground which has grown 

 up in Andropogon grass the Pines will soon establish themselves 

 and grow rapidly. Equally rapid growth is seen on the bottom 

 of sand excavations along the railroads where a ridge of eight 

 or ten feet in height has been entirely removed for grading 

 purposes somewhere else, and in a few years the floor will be 

 Completely covered with the ,regu/lar forest vegetation with 

 flourishing young Pines on all sides. 



The typical open Pine forest (see PI. .CXXVII) is character- 

 ized by the following species : 



Pteridium aquilinum. ^ Helianthemum canadensd 



Pinus rigida. Baptisia tinctoria. 



Panicum commonsianum. Kalmia angustifolia. 



" addisoni. Pieris mariana. 



" columbianum. Epigaea repens. 



Andropogon scoparius. Vaccinium vaccillans. 



" virginicus. Gaylussacia baccata. 



Smilax- glauca. Hieracium venosum. 



Quercus ilicifolia. Aster concolor. 



" marilandica. " patens. 



" stel'lata. Sericocarpus asteroides. 



Comptonia asplenifolia. Solidago odora, etc. 

 Sassafras sassafras. 



In bare open sandy patches occur Lichens of several species, 

 together with : 



