504 MICRO-ORGANISMS AND DISEASE [chap. 



that the seemingly identical trichomonas is frequently found 

 in the pharyngeal mucus of perfectly normal pigeons. I 

 have had the opportunity of examining a case of this so- 

 called diphtheria in the pigeon, and found the presence of 

 the parasite in the pharyngeal mucus, but on comparing with 

 it a perfectly healthy pigeon the same trichomonas was found 

 abundantly also here in the pharyngeal mucus. Davaine ^ 

 mentions the genus Circomonas, much smaller than Tricho- 

 monas, being minute club-shaped, ciliated protozoa, possessed 

 of no envelope, having a pointed prolongation at one end 

 and a long, fine flagellum at the other {Circomonas intesti- 

 nalis Iwminis), as occurring in the stools of cases of acute 

 Asiatic cholera, and once he also found them in the stools of 

 a patient in typhoid fever. Lambl already in 1859 described 

 them as occurring in the stools of children in diarrhoea, and 

 Losch found them also in the stools in cases of dysentery. 

 The writer has had the opportunity of finding in a mouse, 

 spontaneously dead, the peritoneal cavity and almost the 

 whole of the intestine distended by, and filled with, a 

 grumous milky fluid, in which, besides leucocytes and 

 micrococci, there were present trichomonas and innumerable 

 circomonas ; in fact, the main part of the corpuscular 

 elements was made up of circomonas, many of them very 

 rapidly moving 



A certain species of flagellate monadinse was first described 

 by T. I^ewis in 1877 as occurring in the blood of normal 

 horses, dogs, and rats ; by Evans in 1880 as occurring in 

 the blood of horses in Madrid ; by AMttich and R. Koch in 

 1 88 1 as occurring in the blood of normal badgers. These 

 protozoa are known as the Herpetomonas Lewisii : the body 

 is cylindrical, often spiral ; the flagellum extends as a delicate 

 membrane all along the body of the creature ; anteriorly the 

 ^ Traite des Entozoaires, p. xxiii. 



