20 Garyophyllaceae [<^h. 



As regards domestic animak, Com Cockle seeds have frequently 

 been mixed with feeding stufis and have caused many deaths. Comevin's 

 experiments in feeding calves, pigs and fowls led to fatal results. He 

 was able to say that the amounts of cocHe flour necessary to cause death 

 were : — 



Calf 0-25 lb. I 



^ig ^'^^ " I per 1001b. live weight. 



Dog 0-90 » I ^ 



Fowl 0-25 „ j 



Among other cases, Komauth and Arche foimd that in their feeding 

 trials pigs were not killed, but albuminoid metabolism was diminis hed 

 and fat production increased. In 1893 pigs died in Germany with 

 symptoms of acute poisoning, when fed on tailings containing six per cent, 

 of cockle. In 1903-4 experiments showed that with the cow, sheep, 

 pig and goat, cockle is not poisonous when fed in amounts usually found 

 in feeding stuffs. MUlspaugh gives a case in which two calves died on 

 being fed with two lots of 14J oz. each of wheat flour containing 30 per 

 cent, and 45 per cent, of cockle seeds. About 1892 Nevinny concluded 

 that six grammes of cockle seed consumed in 1200 grammes of bread 

 were beyond doubt poisonous in effect, and that the sale of grain or 

 flour containing it should be forbidden. Robert held that the sale of 

 feeding stuffs containing cockle should be forbidden by law. An 

 extensive study of this question was made by Pesch, who concluded 

 that "Under certain conditions Com Cockle is injurious to domestic 

 animals. The amoxmt of the poisonous substance in the seed is variable, 

 depending probably upon the season and the soU. Animals become 

 accustomed to it, so that amounts of seed which at first cause sickness, 

 later have no injurious effect. The susceptibility of animals to the 

 poison varies both with the species and the individual. Young animals 

 are more readily affected than older ones. It is believed that rodents 

 and sheep are not susceptible, and, as far as is known, grown cattle are 

 only sUghtly or not at all affected by the poison. Calves, swine, horses, 

 and especially dogs, are more or less susceptible. Concerning birds 

 and fowls there is some doubt." 



Though animals are reputed to become tolerant of the poison if the 

 cockle is only taken in small regular doses, yet there appears to be a 

 chronic form of poisoning due to this cause and termed Giihagism, while 

 there is an acute poisoning due to the ingestion of large quantities of 

 the seeds which may cause death in 24 hours or less. 



