118 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 



Brit. Vest. Anim. p. 37, 1835 ; Bell, Brit. Quadrupeds, p. 394, 

 1837, ed. 2, p. 348, 1874 ; Keyserling and Blasius, Wirhelth. 

 Europ. vol. iv, p. 26, 1840 y Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Segne Anim., 

 Mamm. p. 170, 1842 ; Owen, Bep. Brit. Assoc. 1843, p. 236, 1844 ; 

 Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 177, 1843, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. 

 p. 64, 1847, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1850, p. 227, Cat. Ungulata Brit. 

 Mus. p. 195, 1852, Cat. Euminants Brit. Mus. p. 68, 1872, 

 Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 139, 1873 ; Blasius, Fauna 

 Deutschl. vol. i, p. 439, 1857 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. 

 Mus. p. 257, 1862 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 342, 1871 ; 

 Fitzinger, Sitzber. h. Ale. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. i, p. 565, 1874 ; 

 Danford and Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 276, 1880, p. 54; 

 Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 911 ; Flower and Oarson, Cat. Osteol. 

 Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 293, 1884 ; Lydehker, Cat. Foss. 

 Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 94, 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, 

 p. 363, Horns and Hoofs, p. 271, 1893, British Mammals, p. 240, 

 1896, Deer of All Lands, p. 64, 1898, Great and Small Game of 

 Europe, etc. p. 209, 1901 ; Woodwa/rd and Sherborn, Cat. Brit. 

 Foss. Vert. p. 330, 1890 ; Nehring, Tundren und Steppen, p. 110, 

 1910 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 322, 1891 ; 

 Satunin, Zool. JaJirb., Syst. vol. ix, p. 309, 1896 ; Biichner, 

 Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersb. 1896, p. 387 ; Millais, Mamm. Gt. 

 Britain, vol. iii, p. 91, 1906 ; Nitsche, Studien ilber Hirsche, 

 pi. i, 1898 ; Lbnnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. iii, no. 9, p. 9, 1906 ; 

 Winge, Danmarks Fau7ia, Pattedyr, p. 171, 1908 ; Trouessart, 

 Faime Mamm. Europe, p. 228, 1910 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, 

 ed. 6, p. 1910, ed. 7, p. 1, 1914; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. 

 Europe, p. 968, 1912 ; Joleaud, Bev. Africaine, no. 287, p. 1, 1913 ; 

 Loder, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 488. 



Cervus (Elaphus) elaphus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, 

 vol. V, p. 307, 1827. 



Cervus (Strongylooeros) elaphns, Oiven, Brif. Foss. Mamm. and 

 Birds, p. 472, 1846. 



Euoervus elaphus, Aclogue, Faune France, p. 71, 1899. 



Cervus vulgaris, Botezat, Morphol. Jahrb. vol. xxiii, p. 115, 1903. 



Cervus (Cervus) elaphus, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 941. 



Eed Deer. 



The typical species. 



Typical locality southern Sweden ; the range includes 

 the greater part of Europe (but not the Italian peninsula), 

 and extends at least as far east as the Caucasus and the 

 Caspian provinces of Persia. 



Size typically large, the shoulder-height reaching 4 or 

 4^ feet. Antlers rounded, and, when fully developed with 

 a bez-tiue and a total of more than five points, of which the 

 terminal ones may form a cup, the fourth tine not specially 

 large nor situated in the same fore-and-aft plane as those 

 above ; ear longer than half the length of head ; tail moder- 



