126 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES 



races ; but, according to Loder,* while in skulls of Scotch 

 and German stags the proportion of the interorbital width to 

 the length (from summit of occipital crest to tips of pre- 

 maxillse.) is 1 to 3 "3, in Carpathianf and Caucasian stags it is 

 1 to 3 • 6. The same writer adds that he could detect no 

 difference between Carpathian and Caucasian skulls — a view 

 which coincides with the experience of the present writer, 

 although not with that of Miller. 



96. 10. 10. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Galician Carpathians. 



Presented hy H.H. Prince Hcinrich of Liechtenstein, 1906. 



I.— Cervus elaphus maral. 



Cervus maral, Ogilhy, Sep. Council Zool. Soc, 1840, p. 22 ; Sclater, 

 Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 336, pi. xxix, 1871 ; Gray, Cat. 

 Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 69, 1872 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. h. Ah. 

 Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 597, 1874; Blanford, Eastern 

 Persia, vol. ii, p. 95, 1876 ; BrooTce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 812 ; 

 Badde, Sdugeth. Talysch. p. 10, 1886 ; Satunin, Zool. Jalirh., 

 Syst. voL ix, p. 309, 1896 ; Ward, Records of Big Oame, ed. 2, 

 p. 30, 1876; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 229, 1910. 



Cervus caspius, Radde, Sdugeth. Talysch. p. 10, 1886. 



Cervus elaphus noaral, Lydehher, Deer of All Lands, p. 75, 1898, 

 Great and Small Oame of Europe, etc. p. 217, 1901 ; Satunin, 

 Mitt. KauTtas. Mus. vol. i, pp. 65 and 129, 1901, vol. ii, pp. 210 

 and 357, 1906, vol. iii, p. 49, 1907, vol. vii, p. 20, 1912 ; Leigh, 

 Field, vol. ov, p. 355, 1905 ; Ward, Records of Big Oame, ed. 6, 

 p. 28, 1910, ed. 7, p. 28, 1914; Miller, Oat. Mamm. West. Europe, 

 p. 967, 1912 ; Loder, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 489. 



(?) Cervus vulgaris montanus, Botezat, Zool. Jahrh., Syst. vol. xxxii, 

 p. 155, 1903. 



Cervus (Cervus) maral, PococJc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 940. 



Cervus cauoasious, Winans, Amer. Mus. Journ. vol. xiv, p. 67, 1914, 

 nomen nudum. 



jMaral (Persian), Ollen (Eussian). 



'■ Polish Stag," Lydehher, Field, vol. cv, p. 326, 1905. 



Typical locahty the Caspian provinces of Persia. 



Size larger and build heavier than in any other of the 

 properly named local races, the shoulder-height reaching 

 4^ feet ; the neck relatively thick, and the face, especially 

 in females, longer and more pointed than in the western 

 races, and the tail thicker. General colour in summer red, 



* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 488. 



t As represented by stags from the Galician estate of the late 

 Prince Heiurioh from Liechtenstein. 



