CEKVID.E 



127 



frequently marked with yellow spots ; in winter dark slaty 

 grey, with the black-bordered rump-patch a deeper yellow 

 than in the more typical races, and the shoulders, thighs, and 

 under-parts nearly black. Antlers large and less complex 

 than those of the latter, the number of tines seldom exceeding 

 8, and often only 6, although occasionally 10 or 12 ; the 

 bez-tine, which may be wanting, frequently much shorter 



I?iG. 23.— Antlbbs op Eastern Red Dbbb, ob Mabal 

 {Cervus elaphus maial). 



than the brow-tine, which is long and much curved upwards, 

 and the fourth tine generally more distinct from the crown ; 

 maximum antler-length 48^ inches. 



Exclusive of the eastern Carpathians, to which this deer 

 may be a recent immigrant, the range extends from the 

 Caucasus through Galicia, the Caspian area, and the Crimea 

 to- northern Persia and Asia Minor, and may also include 

 parts of Turkey and Greece. The so-called Polish stag of 

 the Marmoros district of the Hungarian Carpathians is 

 generally believed to be a dwarfed form of the maral which 

 reached that area from Galicia ; possibly the small dark stag 

 from the Galician Carpathians, which has been named 



