IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 233 



ing to Vasey it is one of the most graceful of Spruces with a 

 light and spreading spray. Next to P. Strobus it is the highest 

 pine of the Eastern States of North America. The tree is 

 extremely valuable on account of its bark, which is much 

 esteemed as a tanning material, containing 9 to 14 per cent, 

 tannin. It is much liked as an admixture to oak bark for 

 particular leathers of great toughness, wearing strength, and 

 resistance to water. The extract of the bark for tanning 

 fetches in the London market from £16 to £18 a ton, and is 

 imported to the extent of about 6,000 tons a year; it is stripped 

 ofE during the summer months. The young shoots are used 

 in making spruce-beer. 



Pinus Canariensis, C. Smith.* 



Canary Pine. Canary Islands, forming large forests at an 

 elevation of 5,000 to 6,000 feet. A tree 70 feet high, 

 with a resinous, durable, very heavy wood, not readily attacked 

 by insects. It thrives well in Victoria, and shows celerity of 

 growth. Will endure an occasional shade temperature of 

 118° F. (W. J. Winter). 



Pinus Cedrus, Linne. 



Cedar of Lebanon. Together with the Atlas variety on the 

 mountains of Lebanon and Taurus, also in North Africa. 

 The tree grows to a height of 100 feet, with a healthy trunk 

 up to 36 feet in circumference, and attains a very great age ; 

 the wood is of a light-reddish colour, soft, inodorous, easy to 

 work, and much esteemed for its durability. 



Pinus Cedrus, var. Deodara.* 



Deodar Cedar. On the Himalaya Mountains, 3,000 to 12,000 

 feet above the sea-level. A majestic tree, reaching a height of 

 more than 200 feet, and sometimes 30 feet in circumference of 

 stem. The wood is of a light-yellow colour, very close- 

 grained and resinous, strongly and agreeably scented, light, 

 extremely durable, well resisting the vicissitudes of a variable 

 clime, and furnishes one of the best building-timbers known. 

 Pillars of Kashmir mosques of this wood are found soimd 

 after 400 years, and bridges of still greater antiquity are in 

 existence. White ants hardly ever attack the heartwood. 

 Boats built of this wood last forty years. It is also exten- 

 sively used for canal-edges and for railways. The tree should 

 not be felled too young. It also yields a good deal of resin 

 and turpentine. A humid, clime very much accelerates the 

 growth of this Pine, which in forest-ranges would come best 

 and quickest to its development. Deodars will endure, when 



