IN EXTBA-TEOPICAL COUNTRIES. 239 



Austria ; P. L. Pallasiana, on the borders of the Black Sea. 

 The tree grows best in calcareous soil; but also in poor sandy 

 soil, where, however, the timber is not so large nor so good. 

 It yields all the products of V. silvestris, but in greater quan- 

 tities, being perhaps the most resinous of all Pines. 



Finns Larix, Linne. 



Common Larch ; deciduous. On the European ' Alps, up to 

 7,000 feet. Of quick growth in cool localities. It attains a 

 height of 100 feet, sometimes rising even up to 160 feet, and 

 produces a valuable timber of great durability, which is used 

 for land and water buildings, and much prized for ship-build- 

 ing; for staves of wine casks almost indestructible, not 

 allowing the evaporation of the spirituous contents (Sim- 

 monds) . The bark is used for tanning and dyeing. The tree 

 is of great importance for its yield of the Venetian turpentine, 

 which is obtained by boring holes into it in spring ; these fill 

 during the summer, supplying fr6m half to three-quarters of 

 a pint of turpentine. In Piedmont, where they tap the tree 

 in different places and let the liquid continually run, it is said 

 that from seven to eight pints may be obtained in a year, but 

 the wood suffers through this operation. P. L. var. Rossica, 

 Russian Larch, grows principally on the Altai Mounta,ins, from 

 2,500 to 6,500 feet above s^a-level; it attains a height 

 of 80 feet. The species would be important for upland 

 country. 



Pinus leiophylla, Schiede and Deppe. 



7,000 to 11,000 feet upon the mountains of Mexico. A tree 

 90 feet high. The wood is excessively hard. 



Pinus leptolepis, Siebold and Zuccarini. 



Japan Larch. In Japan, between 35° and 48° north latitude, 

 up to an elevation of 9,000 feet. Never a very tall tree. The 

 timber, when mature, reddish brown and soft; it is highly 

 valued by the Japanese. 



Pinus longifolia, Roxburgh.* 



Emodi Pine or Cheer Pine. On the Himalaya Mountains, 

 from 2,000 to 9,000 feet. A handsome tree with a branchless 

 stem of 50 feet, the whole tree attaining a maximum height 

 of somewhat over 100 feet, the girth of the stem 12 feet. 

 The wood is resinous, and the red variety useful for building; 

 it yields a quantity of tar and turpentine. The tree stands 

 exposure and heat well. According to W. J. Winter it en- 

 dures an occasional shade temperature of 118° F. 



