90 



the pieces into which they are broken ; they contain all the necessary 

 material, and are very economical and lasting. The wisest plan is 

 to give broken " food-stones," or " food-cakes " mixed with hemp seed. 

 In addition to these artificial foods, berry-bearing trees and shrubs 

 should be planted ; mountain ash, common and clustered elder, 

 guelder roses {Veburnum oj5ttZit.s),and above all the common white-thorn. 

 The first-mentioned retain their berries till Christmas only, the white- 

 thorn through the whole winter, and is therefore invaluable in severe 

 and prolonged winters. 



