SPIDERS. 367 
from the thorax, and has eleven to twelve segments. The chelicerz 
are simply clawed, but are poisonous ; the pedipalps are simply clawed 
or else truly chelate. The first pair of limbs are like antenne. 
Respiration is by two pairs of abdominal lung-sacs. In Thelyphonus 
there is a long terminal whip. 
Order 4. PHALANGID (or OPILIONINA). ‘‘ Harvest-men,” e.g. 
Phalangium 
The small, spider-like ‘‘harvest-men” are noted for their extremely 
long legs, by which they stalk slowly along, avoiding the glare of day. 
The broad six-segmented abdomen is not constricted off from the 
unsegmented cephalothorax ; the chelicerze are chelate ; the pedipalps 
are like legs. Respiration is by tubular trachee. The harvest-men 
do not trouble us, but feed on small insects. 
Order 5. SOLPUGID or SOLIFUGA, ¢g. Galeodes or Solpuga 
Active, pugnacious, venomous, nocturnal animals, found in the 
wariner parts of the earth, The head and abdomen are distinct from 
the thorax. The thorax has three segments, the abdomen nine or ten. 
The chelicetz are large and chelate, the pedipalps like long‘legs. The 
respiration is by means of tubular tracheze. The presence of distinct 
segments on the thorax is remarkable. 
Several other small orders of Arachnids must be recognised, e.g. 
Palpigradi for a very interesting minute form, Kezenza, with the last 
two joints of the cephalothorax free, and with an abdomen of eleven 
segments ending in a long-jointed whip. 
Order 6. ARANEID. Spiders 
Spiders are found almost everywhere upon the earth, 
and a few are at home in fresh water, eg. Avgyronefa, and 
on the seashore, eg. Désis, Desidiopsis. Most of them 
live on the juices of insects, and many form webs in which 
their victims are snared. They may be divided, accord- 
ing to habit, into the wanderers who spin little, and the 
sedentary forms who spin much. - 
The body of a spider is very distinctly divided into two 
parts: the cephalothorax and the abdomen, connected by 
a narrow waist. The chitinous cuticle varies in hardness, , 
hairiness, and colouring; it has, as usual, to be moulted 
as the spider grows. Thus the young garden spider moults. 
eight times in its first year. 
There are six pairs of appendages— 
1. The two-jointed chelicerze or falces, whose terminal joint or fang 
