THE LIMBS AND GIRDLES. 587 
expanded transverse processes of the ninth or sacral 
vertebra. Each limb of the V is an ilium; the united 
posterior part consists of a fused pair of ischia, and a ventral 
cartilaginous pubic portion. Ilium, ischium, and pubis unite 
in bounding the deep socket or acetabulum with which the 
femur articulates. : 
The skeleton of the hind-limb consists of a thigh bone or 
femur, a lower leg formed from the united tibia and fibula, 
an ankle region or tarsus including two long proximal 
elements—the astragalus or tibiale and the calcaneum or 
Fic. 318.—Brain of frog.—After Wiedersheim. 
I. DorsAL AspEcT.—o.2., Olfactory ‘lobes; ¢.4., cerebral hemi- 
spheres; P., pineal body, rising from region of optic thalami ; 
op.i., optic lobes ; cd., rudimentary cerebellum; JZ.0., medulla 
oblongata. 
IL. Ventrat Asrect.—The numbers indicate the origins of the 
nerves. ch., Optic chiasma; Z.c., tuber cinereum (infundib- 
ulum); Z., hypophysis. 
Ill. Horizontal SECTION.—Zz. 4y I and 2, lateral ventricles of 
cerebrum ; 7.72. foramen of Monro; V., 3 and 4, third and 
fourth ventricles ; Aq., cavities of optic lobes and aqueduct of 
Sylvius from third to fourth ventricle. 
fibulare—and three imperfectly ossified distal elements, five 
métatarsal bones, and’ five toes.- The first toe or hallux 
has two phalanges, the second also two, the third three, the 
fourth four, the fifth three, and, finally, outside the hallux 
there is a “calcar,” which looks like an extra toe, and con- 
sists of three pieces. The astragalus is in line with the first 
toe. The long bones of the skeleton show readily separable 
calcified terminal caps. 
