CHIROPTERA. 783 
Europe, Asia, and N. America, dentition ae ; the moles ( Za/pa), 
throughout the Palzarctic region; the tailless tenrec (Cemdetes) 
of Madagascar; the §. African golden moles (Chrysochloris), 
probably the most primitive of all Eutheria ; the African jumping 
shrew (Macroscelides) ; the Oriental tree-shrews ( 72paza). 
Order GALEOPITHECIDA& 
It seems justifiable to recognise a separate order for the very 
divergent Galeofithecus, from the Malay Archipelago and the 
Philippines. They are arboreal vegetarian animals. The fore- and 
hind- limbs are connected by a parachute, and the animals can glide 
from tree to tree, ‘sometimes traversing a space of seventy yards with: 
a descent of only about one in five.” The structure of the incisors 
is unique among Mammals. They are expanded laterally, compressed 
from before backwards, and furnished with many cusps. The lower 
are pectinated, the flattened crowns being penetrated by numerous 
vertical slits, and the outer of the two upper pairs have double roots. 
The dentition is an ‘The molars are multicuspidate. The orbit 
has an almost complete bony ring. There is a tympanic bulla. The 
cerebral hemispheres have a few furrows. There is a simple stomach 
and a large sacculated cecum. The testes are scrotal, the penis 
pendulous. There are two pairs of pectoral mamme, and one young 
one at a birth. 
Order CHIROPTERA. Bats 
Bats are specialised Mammals related to Insectivores. 
They have the power of flight, the fore-limbs being modified 
as wings. The wing is formed by a fold of skin which 
usually begins from the shoulder, extends along the upper 
margin of the arm to the base of the thumb, thence between. 
the long fingers, and along the sides of the body to the hind- 
legs or even to the tail. Contrasted with the wing of a 
bird, that of a bat has a rudimentary ulna beside a long 
curved radius, a wrist with six bones, five free digits, four 
of which have very long metacarpals, while the thumb is 
short. The phalanges are usually reduced to two. The 
pectoral girdle is strong; there is a long curved clavicle, a 
large triangular scapula, a long coracoid process ; the pre- 
sternum bears a slight keel on which are inserted some of 
the muscles used in flight. The thumb is always clawed ; 
the other digits are unclawed, except in most frugivorous. 
bats, where the second digit bears a claw. 
The hind-limb is relatively short and weak, the pelvic 
girdle is also weak, and in most cases the pubic symphysis 
