ANTHROPOIDEA. 735 
times or even earlier they appeared in Europe and N. America, and 
were then of more generalised type. In the latter continent they 
became extinct ; ‘but in the Old World they appear to have migrated 
southwards at an early period into Ethiopian and Oriental regions, 
They reached Madagascar at a time when that island was connected to: 
the continent, and before the advent of the larger carnivores. There 
they have been isolated and have developed in a fashion comparable 
to that which has occurred in the case of the Australian Marsupials. 
Of fifty living species:thirty-six are confined to Madagascar, and these 
are very abundantly represented. Outside of Madagascar lemurs 
maintain a precarious footing in forests or islands, and are usually 
few in number. They are handicapped by the absence of defensive 
weapons, the frequent slowness of movement, and the feeble intelli- 
gence ; they-are saved by their arboreal and usually nocturnal habits, 
by their quiet movements, and by their shyness. 
Order ANTHROPOIDEA (= PRIMATES or SIMIz) 
This order includes five families. 
Family 5. Hominide. Man. 
» 4 Anthropomorphidee or Simi- 
ide. Anthropoid Apes. | Old World 
» 3» Cercopithecide. Baboons, { Catarrhina. 
etc. 
» 2. Cebide. American Seige New World 
» 1. Hapalide. Marmosets. Platyrrhina. 
The following characteristics are generally true :— 
The body is hairy, least so in man; the incisors do not 
exceed =; the molars are 2, except in the marmosets, 
where they are = ; the back teeth are bunodont, the premolars 
with two cusps, the molars usually with four; the cranial 
cavity is relatively large; the axis of the orbit is directed 
forward, and the orbit is closed off from the temporal fossa 
by ingrowths of frontal and jugal meeting the alisphenoid ; 
the lachrymal foramen is infra-orbital; the clavicles are well 
developed ; the radius and ulna move freely on one another 
in pronation and supination ; the scapnoid, the lunar, and 
usually the os centrale are distinct; there are usually five 
fingers and toes, but the thumb may be absent or rudi- 
mentary; the thumb (or pollex) if present is opposable 
except in marmosets; the big toe (or hallux) is opposable 
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