788 MAMMALIA. 
Examples.—The howling monkeys (AZycetes or Alouata), with 
diverticula from the larynx and enormously dilated hyoid, 
protected by the expanded mandibles; the sakis (P2thecia), 
with very long non-prehensile tail ; the spider-monkey (A7ze/es), 
with exceedingly prehensile tail and a thumbless hand; the 
capuchins (Cedzs), often imported into Europe. 
Family 3. CERCOPITHECIDE (=Cynomorph Catarrhina). 
Old World Monkeys 
The Old World monkeys are plantigrade quadrupeds, 
and the snout or muzzle often justifies the term Cynomorph , 
or dog-like. Besides the general Catarrhine characters, 
the following are noteworthy: The sternum is long and 
narrow; there are 19-20 dorso-lumbar vertebre; the 
foramen magnum is directed backwards; the arms are 
shorter than the legs; the hairs of the arm are all directed 
towards the hand ; the skin forms callosities, often brightly 
coloured over the ischia; there are usually cheek-pouches ; 
the caecum is conical and without a vermiform appendix. 
In the sub-family Cercopithecinee there are cheek-pouches, the 
stomach is simple, and the fore- and hind- limbs are almost equal. 
Examples.—The African baboons (Cynocephalus or Papio), e.g. the 
mandrill (C. mazmon), notable for the bright colours of the 
face and hips in the adult males ; the macaques (JZacacus), all 
1. Asiatic except the tailless Barbary ape (JZ. zuus) of N. Africa 
and Gibraltar; the African Cercopithecus. 
In the sub-family Semnopithecinze there are no cheek-pouches, the 
stomach is sacculated in a complex fashion, and the hind-limbs are 
longer than the fore-limbs. 
Examples.—The sacred Indian apes (Semmnopithecus), the African 
Colobus, and the proboscis monkey (Wasalzs) of Borneo. 
Family 4, ANTHROPOMORPHIDZ or SIMUD#& (= Anthropo- 
morph Catarrhina). Anthropoid Apes 
This family includes the Gibbons (Ay/odates), the Orang 
(Simia), the Chimpanzees (Anthropopithecus), and the Gorilla 
(Gorilla). As they are most like man, they are called 
Anthropoid. 
Along with the general Catarrhine characters the following 
are noteworthy: The sternum is short and broad; there 
are 16-18 dorso-lumbar vertebre ; the arms are longer than 
the legs; the hairs of the upper arm are directed down- 
