Z00-GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS. 805 
changes of the earth and its climate, and (6) the bionomic 
relations. 
Zoo-geographical regions.—I shall simply quote a para- 
graph from Professor Heilprin’s work, Zhe Geographical 
and Geological Distribution of Animals (Internat. Sci. 
Series. London, 1887), a very valuable book for the 
student, especially as it considers distribution in space 
and time together. 
“By most naturalists (Wallace, Sclater, and others) the 
terrestrial pottion of the earth’s surface is recognised as 
consisting of six primary zoological regions, which corre- 
spond in considerable part with the continental masses of 
2 lig ag These six regions are— 
. The Palearctic, which comprises Europe, temperate 
Rais: (with Japan), and Africa north of the Atlas Moun- 
tains; also Iceland, and the numerous oceanic islands of 
the North Atlantic ; 
“2, The £thiopian, embracing all of Africa south of the 
Atlas Mountains, the southern portion of the Arabian Pen- 
insula, Madagascar, and the Mascarene Islands, and which, 
consequently, nearly coincides with the Africa of geo- 
graphers ; 
“3. The Oriental or Indian, which embraces India south 
of the Himalayas, Farther India, Southern China, Sumatra, 
Java, Bali, Borneo, and the Philippines ; 
“4. The Austrazan, comprising the continent of Aus- 
tralia, with Papua or New Guinea, Celebes, Lombok, and 
the numerous islands of the Pacific ; 
“eo. The Vearetic, which embraces Greenland, and the 
greater portion of the continent of North America (excluding 
Mexico) ; 
“6, The Meotropical, corresponding to the continent of 
South America, with Central America, the West Indies, and 
the greater portion of Mexico.” 
Professor Heilprin makes several modifications on this 
scheme of distribution: (@) uniting Palearctic and Nearctic 
in one Holarctic realm; (4) establishing a special Poly- 
nesian realm for the scattered island groups of the Pacific; 
and (¢) defining three transition regions—(1) around the 
Mediterranean, intermediate between Palearctic, Ethiopian, 
and Oriental, (2) Lower California between Western Hol- 
