Use of Score. Cards 43 
of course, essential that the cow, in order to be a 
profitable milk producer, must have a large, capacious 
udder, full of secreting follicles, and, as the udder is 
an external organ, its size and capacity are quite 
readily and easily determined by examination. Capa- 
cious digestive and respiratory organs are also im- 
portant, as indicating activity of the vital functions 
of the animal, and strong, vigorous constitutional 
powers. So useful are these external characters 
known to be as indicating capacity for secretion that 
dairymen find it worth while to train themselves in 
recognizing these indications and comparing cows one 
with another with respect to their external indica- 
tions for capacity for milk ‘secretion, and a large 
amount of instruction in schools and colleges is given 
along these lines. Training in these matters is facili- 
tated by the use of score cards or scales of points, 
which enumerate and describe the general external 
characteristics -of the cow, and assign numerical 
values to the different characters in proportion to 
their assumed relative importance. Most breeders’ 
associations, and very many colleges, have formulated 
and used such scales of points. They naturally vary 
more or less, according to the ideas of the persons 
who formulate them. A sample card is shown on the 
next page. The chief value of a score card is to 
teach the novice to make a careful examination of 
every part. His final judgment, however, should be 
based on the individual as a whole, and this is best 
trained by practice in comparing individuals side 
by side. 
