CARPS. 595 



species are especially numerous in the East Indies and the 

 fresh waters of Tropical Africa. 



Thynnichthys. — Scales small. Dorsal fin without an os- 

 seous ray, with not more than nine branched rays, commencing 

 nearly opposite the ventrals. Head large, strongly com- 

 pressed ; eye without well-developed adipose membrane, in the 

 middle of the depth of the head. Snout with the integuments 

 very thin ; there is no upper lip, and the lower jaw has a thin 

 labial fold on the sides only. Mouth anterior and lateral ; bar- 

 bels none. Gill-rakers none ; laminse branchiales long, half as 

 long as the postorbital portion of the head; pseudobranchise 

 none. Pharyngeal teeth lamelliform, with flat oblong crown, 

 5. 3 or 4. 2-2. 4 or 3. 5, the teeth of the three series being 

 wedged into one another. 



Three species from the East Indies. 



Oreintjs. — Scales very small. Dorsal fin with a strong 

 osseous serrated ray, opposite to the ventrals. Snout rounded, 

 with the mouth transverse, and at its lower side ; mandibles 

 broad, short, and flat, loosely joined together ; margin of the 

 jaw covered with a thick horny layer ; a broad fringe-like lower 

 lip, with free posterior margin. Barbels four. Vent and anal 

 fin in a sheath, covered with enlarged tiled scales. Pharyngeal 

 teeth pointed, more or less hooked, 5. 3. 2—2. 3. 5. 



Three species from mountain streams of the Himalayas. 



SCHIZOTHORAX. — Hill-barbels, with the same singular sheath 

 on each side of the vent, as in the preceding genus ; but they 

 diff'er in having the mouth normally formed, with mandibles of 

 the usual length and width. 



Seventeen species are known from fresh waters of the 

 Himalayas, and north of them. Other genera from the same 

 region, and with the anal sheath, are Ptyclwharbus, Gymnocy- 

 pris, Schizopygopsis, and Diptychus. 



GOBIO. — Scales of moderate size ; lateral line present. Dor- 

 sal fin short, without spine. Mouth inferior; mandible not 

 projecting beyond the upper jaw when the mouth is open ; both 



