CARPS. 599 



fin commencing opposite, rarely behind, the ventrals. Anal fin 

 generally with from nine to eleven, rarely with eight (in small 

 species only), and still more rarely with fourteen rays. Mouth 

 without structural peculiarities ; lower jaw not trenchant ; bar- 

 bels none. Pseudobranchise. Pharyngeal teeth conical or com- 

 pressed, in a single or double series. Intestinal tract short, with 

 only a few convolutions. 



The numerous species of this genus are comprised under 

 the name of " White-fish ;'' they are equally abundant in the 

 northern temperate zone of both hemispheres, about forty 

 species being known from the Old World, and about fifty 

 from the New. The most noteworthy species of the former 

 Fauna are the " Eoach" (Z. rutilus, see Fig. 21, p. 50), com- 

 mon all over Europe north of the Alps ; the " Chub" {L. 

 cephalus), extending into Northern Italy and Asia Minor ; the 

 "Dace" (Z. leuciscus), a companion of the Eoach ; the "Id" 

 or " Nerfiing" (i. idus), from the central and northern parts 

 of Continental Europe, domesticated in some localities of 

 Germany, in this condition assuming the golden hue of semi- 

 albinism, like a Gold-fish, and then called the " Orfe ;" the 

 " Kudd," or " Eed-eye " (Z. erythrophthalmus), distributed all 

 over Europe and Asia Minor, and distinguished by its scarlet 

 lower fins.; the "Minnow" (Z. phoxinus), abundant every- 

 where in Europe, and growing to a length of seven inches in 

 favourable localities. The North American species are much 

 less perfectly known ; the smaller ones are termed " Min- 

 nows," the larger " Shiner " or " Dace." The most common 

 are Z. cornutus (Eed-fin, Eed Dace) ; Z. neogmus, a minnow 

 resembling the European species, but with incomplete lateral 

 line ; Z. hudsonius, the " Spawn-eater " or " Smelt." 



TiNCA. — Scales small, deeply embedded in the thick skin ; 

 lateral line complete. Dorsal fin short, its origin being opposite 

 the ventral fin ; anal short ; caudal subtruncated. Mouth an- 

 terior ; jaws with the lips moderately developed ; a barbel at the 

 angle of the mouth. Gill-rakers short, lanceolate ; pseudobran- 



