CARPS. 603 



both northern hemispheres ; in Europe there occur the " Com- 

 mon Bream, A. hrama; the "Zope," A. hallerus ; A. sapa; the 

 " Zarthe," ^. vimba ; A. elongatus ; the" White Bream," ^. 

 llicca ; A. Mpunctatus. Of these A. hrama and A. hlicca are 

 British; the former being one of the most common fishes, 

 and sometimes attaining to a length of two feet. Crosses 

 between these two species, and even with other Cyprinoids, 

 are not rare. Of the . American species A. americanus 

 ("Shiner," "Bream") is common and widely distributed; 

 like the European Bream it lives chieiiy in stagnant waters 

 or streams with a slow current. 



AsPius. — Body oblong ; scales of moderate size ; lateral line 

 complete, terminating nearly in the middle of the depth of the tail. 

 Dorsal fin short, without spine, opposite to the space between 

 the ventrals and anal ; anal fin elongate, with thirteen or more 

 rays. Lower jaw more or less conspicuously projecting beyond 

 the upper. Lips thin, simple, the lower labial fold being at the 

 symphysis ; upper jaw but little protractile. Gill-rakers short 

 and widely set; pseudobranchise. The attachment of the branchial 

 membrane to the isthmus takes place below the hind margin of 

 the orbit. Pharyngeal teeth hooked, 5. 3.-3 or 2. 5 or 4 Belly 

 behind the ventrals compressed, the scales covering the edge. 



Four species from Eastern Europe to China. 



Albuknus. — Body more or less elongate ; scales of moderate 

 size ; lateral line present, running below the median line of the 

 tail. Dorsal fin short, without spine, opposite to the space 

 between ventrals and anal ; anal fin elongate, with more than 

 thirteen rays. Lower jaw more or less conspicuously projecting 

 beyond the upper. Lips thin, simple, the lower labial fold being 

 interrupted at the symphysis of the mandible. Upper jaw pro- 

 tractile. Gill-rakers slender, lanceolate, closely set ; pseudo- 

 branchiffi. The attachment of the branchial membrane to the 

 isthmus takes place below the hind margin of the orbit. Pharyn- 

 geal teeth in two series, hooked. Belly behind the ventrals 

 compressed into an edge, the scales not extending across it. 



