SCOMBRESOOIDiE. 619 



external eyes ; its body is coloured, but it is destitute of 

 ventrals. It was found once iu a rice field in South Carolina. 

 [See Tellkampf, Mlill. Arch. 1844, p. 381 ; Packard and Putnam, "The 

 Mammoth Cave and its Inhahitants.'' Salem. 1872. 8°.] 



Eighth Family — UmbeidjE. 



Head and tody covered with scales ; iarbels none. Margin 

 of the upper jaw formed hy the intermaxillaries mesially, and 

 hj the rrtaxillaries laterally. Adipose fin none ; the dorsal fin 

 belongs partly to the abdominal portion of the vertebral column. 

 Stomach siphonal ; pyloric appendages none ; pseudobranchice 

 glandular, hidden ; air-bladder simple. 



Two small species only are known : Umbra Jcrameri from 

 Austria and Hungary, and Umbra limi, locally distributed in 

 the United States ; called " Hunds-fish " in Germany, " Dog- 

 fish " or " Mud-fish '' in America. 



Ninth Family — ScoMBKESociDiE. 



Body covered with scales ; a series of keeled scales along each 

 side of the telly. Margin of the upper jaw formed by the inter- 

 maxillaries mesially, and by the mamillaries laterally. Lower 

 pharyngeals united into a single bone. Dorsal fin opposite the 

 anal, belonging to the caudal portion of the vertebral column. 

 Adipose fin none. Air-bladder generally present, simple, some- 

 times cellular, ivithout pneumatic duct. Pseudobranchice hidden, 

 glandular. Stomach not distinct from the intestine, which is 

 quite straight, without appendages. 



The fishes of this family are chiefly marine, some living in 

 the open ocean, whilst others have become acclimatised in fresh 

 water ; many of the latter are viviparous, aU the marine 

 forms being oviparous. They are found in aU the temperate 

 and tropical zones. Carnivorous. 



This family is represented in the strata of Monte Bolca 

 by rare remains of a fish named Holosteus, allied to Belone or 



