SURNIA. — NYCTALA. 133 



General Distribution.— T\\\& Owl inhabits the northern 

 parts o£ North America from north-west Alaska and Hud- 

 son Bay southwards to Montana and Ungava. In winter 

 it migrates rather farther south to Washington, Ohio, 

 Indiana, and Nebraska. 



Genus NYCTALA C. L. Brehm, Isls, 1828, p. 1271. &. C. 

 Type : N.funerea (Linn.). 



Nyctdla, from Gk. vi'Kra\6s=noctunial. 



Nyctala funerea. Tengmalm's Owl. 



Strlx funerea Linnaus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 93 : Sweden. 



Nyctala tengmalmi {Gmel.); Sliarpe, Cat. Birds B. M. ii. 1875, 

 p. 284 ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 88 ; Saunders, 

 Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 299. 



Funerea^oi a ftmeral, fimus. Hence ill-boding, dismal; an epithet applied 

 to Bvbo by Ovid, Metam. x. 226 & 463. 



Distribution in the British Islands. — An Occasional Visitor 

 which has occurred about twenty times in England, chiefly in 

 the eastern counties from Northumberland to Suffolk, while a 

 few have been recorded from other parts. In Scotland it 

 has been captured twice : on Cramond Island, Firth of 

 Forth, Dec. 1860, and near Peterhead, Feb. 1886. In the 

 Shetland Islands it has been met with twice : in Nov. 1901 

 and Jan. 1908. 



General Distribution. — Tengmalm's Owl inhabits northern 

 and central Europe up to 68° N. latitude in Scandinavia 

 and north Russia, extending almost to the limits of forest- 

 growth. Southwai-ds it ranges to the Pyrenees, Alps, 

 Carpathians, and Orenburg, and eastwards through western 

 Siberia to the Yenesei. In autumn and winter it is migra- 

 tory. In the Caucasus and in eastern Siberia it is said to 

 be represented by slightly different races, and in Kamchatka 

 by a larger, more distinct form. In North America, W. f. 

 jichardsoiii, another closely allied representative, is found. 



