10 FAMILIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS. 
families, the Pine (Pinaceee) and Yew (Taxacex), It will be remem- 
bered that the other orders of Gymnosperms, namely the Cycadales, 
Gnetales and Ginkgoales consisted each of a single family. 
Prnacear, the Pine Famity. These are distinguished mainly by 
the fruit, which is a true cone with distinct scales, although these are 
sometimes coherent into a structure closely simulating a berry, as in 
the junipers. The ovules are enclosed and ripen within these scales. 
The Pine family is itself divisible into four well-marked tribes, which 
those familiar with different types of our native and cultivated conifers 
will have no difficulty in recognizing. These are, the Aruucersew, or 
54 Norfolk Island pines; the .1h/-fcnew, including pines, firs, spruces and 
~ hemlocks; the Zuwrodiar, containing the Sequoias and bald cypresses ; 
and the Cipress(neuc, with the true cypresses and junipers. 
Tribe Araucarieae.—Two genera, Ayuth/x, with 4 species, natives 
of Australia and Malaysia; ulvavcer/a, with 10 species, natives of 
South America and Australasia. The former genus consists of the 
kauri-pines, well known to Australian lumbermen. | ul «ustra/és yields 
dammar resin or gum dammar, an important article of commerce. 
Araucaria is familiar from the dwarf cultivated specimens seen in 
florists’ windows ; the foliage is of a rich dark green hue and is 
arranged symmetrically in horizontal whorls, one above another. In 
their native habitat these trees attain lofty proportions. 
Tribe Abietineae.—Eight genera, of which the most important 
are, Pinus, the pine, with 70 species of wide distribution ; Cvdrus, the 
cedar of Lebanon, with 3 Asiatic and African species; Zarir, the 
larch, with 8 species; Picea, the spruce, with 12 species, also widely 
distributed; Zsuga, the hemlock, with 6 species; and Abies, the fir, 
with about 20. This group includes most of the valuable coniferous 
timber trees. The wood is of every variety, from the familiar soft 
white pine to the hard and tough cedar. The genera from which the 
most useful woods are secured are Pinus, Picea, Abves and Cedrus. 
Turpentine, a substance now constantly used for various purposes in 
the arts, is the product of various pines, notably in the United States 
of the long-leaved pine (P. palustris); in Kurope of the Scotch pine 
(P. sylvestris) and the Corsican pine (P. Luricio). Various resins are 
obtained from other genera of the group, the well known spruce gum, 
which is now practically supplanted in the trade by artificial prepara- 
tions, being a familiar example. Terebinth, a balsamic resin, is de- 
rived from several firs and pines; it is to this that the delightful frag- 
