SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, ETC., EXPLAINED. 



I. — Mammals. 

 i.=Incisor teeth. 



c.= Canines. 



pm. =Premolaro. 



m.=Molars. 



Thus " i. y:f " indicates two incisor teeth on each side in the 

 upper jaw, and one on each side in the lower. 



" Toes 5-4 " implies fore feet five-toed, hind feet four-toed. 



Other signs are as used in Birds. 



II. — BlEDS. 



i,=Length in inches (along hack from tip of hill to end of 

 longest tail feather) ; thus, "L. TJ " means, length 7J inches. 



.Sf.=Extent (spread of wing) measured in inches. 



Tr.=Length of wing (from bend of closed wing — carpal joint — 



to tip of longest feather) in inches. 

 2'.=Length of tail in inches {i.e., actual length of the longest tail 



feather.) 

 5.=Length of bill in inches (measured along culmen from tip to 



frontal feathers.) 

 Sii.=:Length of head in inches (measured with dividers from 



base of bill to nape.) 

 J's.=Length of tarsus in inches (measured in front.) 

 2'cZ.= Length of middle toe with its claw. 



The measurements given in the descriptions are understood to 

 represent a fair cmerage adult male; a variation of one-sixth, or 

 more, in absolute length is nothing unusual ; relative lengths, as of 

 wings and tail, are much more constant. To save space I have 

 preferred to say " L. 6," to saymg " L. 5i to 6h" 

 a=Male. 



S=Female. 



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