XEROPHILE AND MESOPHILE FOREST FLORA. 71 
Under the cover of the mostly rather open forest a variety of shrubs 
contribute to form a dense undergrowth. Blueberries (Vacciniwm 
vacillans, V. stamineum) are met with everywhere in the mountain 
region, and a bushy low form of the common azalea or honeysuckle 
(Azalea nudiflora), conspicuous by the abundance of its mostly snow- 
white flowers, borne in close clusters, almost hides the ground. The 
fringed stuartia (Stuartia pentagyna), mountain holly (lex monticola), 
and its variety (7. monticola mollis), with soft hairy leaves, extend 
northerly on the lower of the western Alleghenian ranges to south- 
eastern Kentucky, western Virginia, and Pennsylvania, and reach 
their southern limit on Sand Mountain. lex longipes extends from 
North Carolina and Tennessee to the Louisianian area, and the rare 
Ilex dubia is found on the richer slopes, with Darbya wmbellulata, 
which of late has also been discovered on the edge of the metamorphic 
hills in Lee County. The last occurs also in a few localities in North 
Carolina and middle Georgia. Seven bark (Hydrangea quercifolia), 
one of the most ornamental shrubs, adorns the open woods and rocky 
hillsides throughout the region, being also common on the iower hills 
and extending to the Coast Pine belt. The following shade the rocky 
borders of the water courses: 
Vaccinium tenellum (small-leaved huckle- Stuartia virginica (Virginia stuartia) . 
berry). Aronia arbutifolia (chokeberry). 
Kalmia latifolia (evergreen kalmia) . Pyrus angustifolia (Southern crabapple). 
Azalea arborescens (sweet-scented azalea) . 
The chokeberry, which is here of arborescent habit, presents a 
beautiful sight when loaded with its bright scarlet fruit, which 
remains from early autumn through the winter. The following add 
to the number of mesophile shrubs, which prefer a damper ‘and deeper 
soil: 
Chionanthus virginica (fringe tree) . Crataegus crus-gaili (cockspur thorn) . 
Pyrus angustifolia (Southern crab apple). Crataegus mollis (downy haw). 
Crataegus coccinea (scarlet haw). Crataegus uniflora (winter haw). 
Crataegus spathulata (sugar haw). 
Of woody creepers and climbers— 
Smilax rotundifolia (horse brier) , Clematis virginiana (common  virgin’s 
bower) , 
are confined to the mountain region, extending to the Alleghenian 
area; while— 
Bignonia capreolata (cross vine), Berchemia volubilis (supple-jack) , 
Tecoma radicans (trumpet vine), Vitis aestivalis (summer grape) , 
are widely distributed in the Carolinian and Louisianian divisions. 
Mesophile forests. —W here the sandstones give way to clayey shales 
more subject to erosion, the channels of the water courses become 
