758 PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA. 
Alleghenian to Lonisianian area. Canada and Northwest Territory; New England 
west to Nebraska; south to the Gulf from Florida to Texas; west to California, 
ALABAMA: Over the State. Cultivated and waste ground. July to October; com- 
mon everywhere. Most abundant in rich bottom Jands and prairies. Annual. 
Type locality: ‘Grows naturally in North America.” 
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr. 
Xanthium spinosum L. Sp. P1. 2:987. 1753. 
El. 8k. 2:479. Gray, Man. ed. 6,274. Chap. FI. 224. Gray, Syn. FIN. A.1, pt. 2: 
253. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2: 210. 
TROPICAL AMERICA, HUROPE. 
Carolinian and Lonisianian areas. Naturalized in the greater river valleys and 
along railroads from the coast of southern Massachusetts to the District of Colum- 
ia, Ohio, and Missonri, and from Florid« to Texas. 
ALABAMA: Over the State. Waste places, waysides, Tennessee Valley. Morgan 
County, Decatur. Montgomery and Mobile counties. August to October. Annual. 
Type locality: ‘Hab. in Lusitania.” 
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr. 
CARDUACEAE. Thistle Family. 
VERNONIA Schreb. Gen. P1.2:541, 1791. 
Four hundred and fifty to 500 species, perennials. Africa, Asia; about one-half in 
warmer America. North America, 12. Atlantic, 11. 
Vernonia gigantea (Walt.) Britton; Kearney, Buli.Torr.Club,20: 485, 1893, In part. 
IRONWEED. 
Chrysocoma gigantea Walt. Fl. Car. 196. 1788. 
Vernonia altissima Nutt. Gen. 2: 134, 1818. 
EL. Sk. 2:289. Gray, Man. ed. 6,238. Chap. Fl. 188. Gray, Syn. F1.N. A. 1, pt. 2: 90, 
in part. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2: 175, 
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Pennsylvania, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas; 
south from West Virginia to Tennessee and Florida; west to Louisiana and Texas. 
ALABAMA: Mountain region to Coast plain. Low borders of fields, openings, pas- 
tures. Clay County, Elders, 1,000 feet; Moseley, on hottom lands of Talladega 
Creek. Mobile County, Augnst, September. A common weed; the form with larger 
heads and the leaves tomentose-pubescent beneath (VM. praealta Michx.) prevailing 
in the low country, 4 to 6 {cet high. 
Type locality: South Carolina. 
Herb. Geol. Surv. Herb. Mohr. 
Vernonia maxima Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 27: 280, 1900. 
Erect, 3 to 9 feet high, branching above; leaves narrowly elliptical to lanceolate, 
acuminate, narrowed into a short petiole, subsessile, 4 to 7 inches long, sharply ser- 
rate, glabrous or slightly pubescent; involucre hemispheric, rounded at the base, 
about #, inch high, the ovate, acute or more or less mucronate, ciliate bracts 
appressed. Heretofore confounded with the closely related J’. gigantea, which 
differs from it in the longer involucre narrowed at the base, with the bracts more or 
less spreading. 
Carolinian and Louisianian areas. Western Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Missouri, 
western I lorida (Mohr §° Chapman), Mississippi. 
ALABAMA: Mountain region. Dry copses, borders of woods. Cullinan Connty, 
October, 1896. Not frequent. 
Type locality: “In low ground, Ohio to Missouri, south to Alabama and Louisi- 
ana.” 
Vernonia fasciculata Micbx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:94, 1803. 
FASCICULATE-FLOWERED VERNONIA. 
g ee Man. ed. 6,238. Gray, Syn. FLN. A. 1, pt. 2:90. Coulter, Contr. Nat. Herb. 
2175. 
Alleghenian and Carolinian areas. Michigan west to Minnesota, Dakota, and 
Nebraska; southern Ohio Valley, Missouri, and Arkansas; south along the moun- 
tains from Tennessee to upper Georgia. 
ALABAMA: Mountain region. Shady thickets, woods. Lee County, Anburn 
(Baker § arte, 187). Calhoun County, Anniston mountainous woods, 1,000 feet 
altitude. ‘Talladega County, near Rentroe, 1,000 feet altitude. Clay County, bot- 
tom of Talladega Creek. Elders, Delta, 1,000 to 1,700 feet altitude. Flowers pale 
