MANUAL OF NATURE STUDY. 57 



rope, hand over hand. In the. case of swallowing, 

 it is jaw over jaw instead of hand over hand. 



In the case of the frog there are no teeth in the 

 lower jaw, neither is the lower jaw divided as in 

 the snake. But the upper jaw is provided with a 

 patch of very minute, short teeth in the roof of the 

 mouth. How does that arrangement assist the 

 sticky tongue in disposing of gnats and flies ? 



How do the mouth and tongue of the fish dif- 

 fer from those of the snake and frog? Why should 

 this be so? How does the snake breathe? The 

 frog? The fish? Why should the fish have gills? 

 Was there ever a time when the frog had gills? 

 Why should not the snake have gills? How 

 many legs has the frog? The snake? The fish? 

 What stands for legs in the fish? The pectoral 

 fins take the place of the fore legs, the ventril fins 

 the hind legs. Describe the movements of each of 

 these animals. Ask the children to watch the 

 toads catch flies, gnats and other small insects 

 under the electric lights, summer evenings. 

 Where is the toad in the daytime? Look for it in 

 flower-beds, gardens, or close along the fence or 

 house, lying flattened out with its nose tucked 

 downward, looking for all the world as if it were 

 dead. How do these animals spend the winter? 

 Hibernation. Are these animals of use to man? 



