2 ACADEMIC BOTANY. 



move, but are active only when moved by outside force. 

 Minerals (which include gases, water, metals, stones, and 

 earths) are inorganic. 



4. Organic Bodies have organs (working parts). They 

 feed, they grow, they reproduce their kind. A plant is 

 organic ; its working parts are Root, Stem, Leaf, and 

 Flower, or parts equivalent to them. An animal is or- 

 ganic ; its working parts are Stomach, Entrails, Lungs, 

 Heart, Head, or parts equivalent to them. 



The science of organic bodies has two divisions : Botany, which 

 treats of plants ; Zoology, which treats of animals. These divisions 

 constitute Biology (Gr. science of life), a term invented by Lamarck, 

 who saw the truth of Butfon's declaration that " These two classes of 

 organized beings have many more common properties than real differ- 

 ences." 



5. The plant is the vital link between the mineral and 

 animal. Plants feed on minerals and digest them into 

 organic food. Animals feed on plants or on animals ; 

 none of them, except the lowest (simplest), which are plant- 

 like in structure, can digest minerals (9, 53). 



6. Energy and Forces. — Energy is the power which 

 pervades all nature, the reservoir whence all her activities 

 proceed, — Attraction, Repulsion, Heat, Light, Electricity, 

 Magnetism, Life, — and these activities are called Forces. 



A. Chemical force governs elements ; its study is Chemistry. 



B. Physical force governs bodies and their particles, together with 

 their properties and relations ; its study is Physics. 



C. Vital force governs life, and life exists only in plants and 

 animals ; its study is Biology, under the two divisions Botany and 

 Zoology. Vital force includes 



D. Voluntary force, which governs Will ; and 



E. Mental force, which governs Reason. Mental force .is the at- 

 tribute of man alone ; but there is a prophecy of it in the instinct of 

 animals, and a foreshadowing of it in the behavior of plants, as we 

 shall presently see. 



7. Life. — Organic bodies are called living because they 

 have life, which may be described — not defined — as : The 

 power by which organized beings feed, grow, and reproduce 

 their kind. Life, then, is threefold ; it includes 



A. Digestion, the power to take food and to convert this 

 food into substances like those of the being that digests it ; 



