EXOGENS. 51 



WOOD. Wood hard, valuable. Lvs. dentate, decid. Nut small ; 

 cupule leafy. Many species. C. americdna, ]0°-20° high. U. S. 

 C. Betula, Hornbeam, 30°-70° high. Eur. 2. Ostrya, Hop Horn- 

 beam. Ripe catkin hop-like. 2 species, both ti-ees, 30°-50° high, 

 with doubly-serrate lvs. ; O. vulgaris, S. Eur. ; O. virginica, U. S. 3. 

 Corylus. Shrubs. Cupule leaf-like ; nut large, edible. C. Avelldna, 

 Filbert, Eur., Asia. C. americdna, Hazel-nut ; C. rostrdta, simi- 

 lar, cupule bristly ; both American, U. S. 4. Fagus, Beeoh. Cupule 

 spiny ; nuts triangular, edible. Lvs. dentate. Species few. F. syl- 

 vdtica, fine tree, Eur., W. Asia; varieties: Copper B., Purple B., 

 lvs. colored; Fern-lkaved B, lvs. pinnatisect. V. ferruginosa, 

 American B., 50° -80° bigli TJ. S., Can 5. Castanea, Chestnut. 

 Cupule prickly, witii 2-3 large, ediblu nuts. Lvs. long, serrate. C. 

 vesca, .splendid tree, native of Asia, n!it\iraliznd throughout Eur. for 

 2000 ycai-s ; wood valuable; nuts large, edible; var americdna, large 

 tree, nuts smaller. Can. to Fla C. pumila. Chinquapin. Shrub; 

 nut still smaller, sol. S. and E. 



6. Quercus, Oak. Fls. and fr. described. Lesson XI. Numerous 

 species. Northern hemisphere, Java, mts. of Mexico and S. Am. 

 Fruit produced annually or biennially. Three great types : Q. rubra, 

 Q. Robur, Q. Cerri-s. 



A. Biennial fructification ; American. 

 Quercus rubra. Bed Oak. 70° high. Lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid. 

 Cupule much shorter than the oblong nut. U. S. Q. cocciuea. Scar- 

 let Oak. 80° high. Lvs. pinnatifld, turning red in autumn. Cupule 

 half covering the round nut. Var. tinctbria, Quercitron, hark used in 

 tanning, dyeing. U. S. Q. faledta, Spanish Oak. 60°-80° high. 

 Lvs. falcate, 3-5-lobed. N. J., S., W. to 111. Q. nigra. Black- 

 jack. 10°-2.5° high. Lvs large, 3-lobed. Barrens, U. S. Q. im- 

 bricdria, Shingle-Oak. 50° high, lvs. lance.-oblong. Penn. to Ga., 

 W. Q. Phellos, Willow-Oak, 3O°-60° high. Lvs. linear-lanceolate. 

 N. T., S. Q. laurifblia, Laurel-Oak. 30°-50° high.. Lvs. oblan- 

 ceolate, green, shining, persistent. S. Car., Fla. Q. virens, LiVK- 

 Oak. 20°-50°-70° high. Lvs. small, oblong, entire (rarely spiny- 

 dentate), evergreen. Wood valuable. Maritime regions, S. Q. 

 dnerea, similar to last, but downier; small tree or shrub. S. E. Va., 

 S. Several other species, of little worth. 



B. Biennial-fruited ; foreign. 

 Q. Suber, Cork-Oak. 30°-60° high. Lvs. ovate-oblong, entire or 

 sharply serrate, evergreen. Acorns oblong, sweet. Outer bark is the 

 cork of commerce. Hills, Spain (especially in Valencia and Cata- 

 lonia), S France, Italy, N. Af. Tree, Frontispiece, E; section of 

 trunk with bark. Fig. 229. Q. coceifera, Kermes-Oak (Ar. kermes, 

 red woiTn ; whence Gr. kermesin, Fr. cramoisi, crimson). Low 

 bushy shrub. Lvs. elliptic, spiny-dentate, evergreen. Specific name 

 coceifera, from the red berry-like clusters of the parasitic female 

 in.5ect Coccus Uicis, which literally becomes a^part of it, furnishing a 

 splendid crimson dye. S. Eur., Levant. Q. l[lex, Ilex-Oak, Holm- 

 Oak. Bush or tree, 30°-50° high. Lvs. oval, evergreen, large, entire 

 or serrate, or spiny-dentate, resembling the true Ilex (Holly). Medi- 

 terranean States, Cochin China. 



