ries in the several forest regions visited. But 
wherever possible dependence is placed on se- 
curing the new crop by natural reproduction. 
The planting of nursery grown stock in re- 
sorted to only when the desired stand cannot 
be secured naturally, or where the forester is 
unwilling to wait for nature to give a good 
seed year. In the Black forest the method 
generally followed is that known to foresters 
as ‘“‘shelterwood,” but it is variously modified 
to meet local conditions. 
Another point of forest interest is the rela- 
tively large amount of damage that is done 
in certain forests by windfall, particularly of 
course, with the shallow rooted spruce. On 
some forests a definite allowance is made in 
the working plan for a certain percentage of 
the allowed annual cut to be made up of trees 
that have been blown down. The figure some- 
times runs as high as 20 percent of the al- 
lowed cut in a given year. Factors of this 
in a year from the time the trouble is first 
noticed. Forest sanitation is here a reality, 
and as in the more accessible portions of the 
forests all the small branches and the litter 
on the forest floor are gathered up and car- 
ried away to be used as fuel by those living 
near the forest, it is no exaggeration to say 
that the forest is as clean as a hound’s tooth. 
The American visitor may perfectly appre- 
ciate why all this is possible, but he neverthe- 
less finds that his mind keeps constantly turn- 
ing back to the fact that the roads were built 
solely to get out the timber and that they 
have no other function. A particularly good 
example of a permanent forest road was ob- 
served in the Schénmiinzwald where way up 
on a steep mountain slope road construction 
was in progress. The laborers happened to 
be making a turn, and as the logs are hauled 
down full length—60 to 100 feet—a wider 
road bed was necessary than on the tangents. 
SCENE IN THE 
SCHIFFER- 
SCHAFTWALD 
SHOWING 
CLOSE 
UTILIZATION 
OF THE 
FOREST 
sort necessarily preclude rigid adherence to a 
theoretically perfect program of regular 
blocks of even aged forest arranged in an ideal 
cutting series. Here again the forester has to 
cut his cloth as he finds it. It is such prob- 
lems that make the forestry game interesting. 
In the Black forest the clear cutting of any 
considerable sized area is very seldom seen, 
except where there has been an exceptionably 
bad wind fall. Five to ten acres is the maxi- 
mum; usually the clean cut areas are smaller. 
Rather the method usually is to work by 
groups, or narrow strips, as the case may be, 
or even a few trees. This is made possible 
by the permanent road system, for it is never 
far to the nearest road. In the Black forest 
the trees are peeled and slid down the hill to 
the roads along which they are hauled out. 
Along with this phase of intensive manage- 
ment it is also to be noted that diseased trees, 
or those subject to any sort of injury, can be 
and are removed as individuals, usually with- 
The road had a regular Telford foundation, 
with broken stone above, surfaced by gravel. 
It was not rolled to be sure. Had it been, it 
would have been equal in construction, if not 
in width, to the best park roads in any one 
of our larger American cities. And this was 
strictly and absolutely a forest road to be 
used only for the transport of logs out of the 
woods. 
The ordinary width of this road on tangents 
is from 10 to 12 feet. The maximum grade 
was 10 percent. The adjoining forest, Herren- 
wies, has a total area of 8746 acres (3541 
hectares). That forest now has 115 kilometers 
(71.3 miles) of stone road. Of this 90 kilo- 
meters are forest roads; 25, main roads suit- 
able for and used by automobiles. Twenty 
more kilometers of forest road are needed to 
complete the system. A definite part of the 
annual net profit from all of these forests is 
set apart for permanent betterments like 
roads. The forester said that the road under 
(39) 
