XV VARIATION AND EVOLUTION 183 



and E. mima were regarded as perfectly valid species, 

 and there is little doubt that numbers of recognised 

 species will eventually fall to the ground in the same 

 way as soon as we are in a position to apply the 

 test of breeding. Mendelism has helped us to 

 realise that specific characters may be but incidental 

 to a species — that the true criterion of what con- 

 stitutes a species is sterility, and that particular form 

 of sterility which prevents two healthy gametes on 

 uniting from producing a zygote with normal powers 

 of growth and reproduction. For there are forms of 

 sterility which are purely mechanical. The pollen 

 of Mirabilis jalapa cannot fertilise M. longiflora, 

 because the pollen tubes of the former are not long 

 enough to penetrate down to the ovules of the latter. 

 Hybrids can nevertheless be obtained from the 

 reciprocal cross. Nor should we expect offspring 

 from a St. Bernard and a toy terrier without recourse 

 to artificial fertilisation. Or sterility may be due to 

 .pathological causes which prevent the gametes from 

 meeting one another in a healthy state. But in 

 most cases it is probable that the sterility is due to 

 some other cause. It is not inconceivable that definite 

 differences in chemical composition render the proto- 

 plasm of one species toxic to the gametes of the 

 other, and if this is so it is not impossible that we 

 may some day be able to express these differences 

 in terms of Mendelian factors. The very nature of 

 the case makes it one of extreme difficulty for experi- 

 mental investigation. At any rate, we realise more 

 clearly than before that the problem of species is not 

 one that can be resolved by the study of morphology 

 or of systematics. It is a problem in physiology. ,, 



